2023 OASDI Trustees Report

skip to main content
Table of Contents Previous Next Tables Figures Index

D. PROJECTIONS OF FUTURE FINANCIAL STATUS
Short-Range Actuarial Estimates
For the short-range period (2023 through 2032), the Trustees measure financial adequacy using trust fund ratios, which compare projected asset reserves at the beginning of a year to projected program cost for the year. Maintaining a trust fund ratio of 100 percent or more — that is, reserves at the beginning of a year at least equal to projected cost for the year — is a good indication that the trust fund can cover most short-term contingencies. The Trustees' test of short-range financial adequacy is met if under the intermediate assumptions (1) the estimated trust fund ratio is at least 100 percent at the beginning of the period and remains at or above 100 percent throughout the 10-year short-range period (from the beginning of 2023 through the end of 2032, which is indicated by the trust fund ratio at the beginning of 2033) or (2) the ratio is initially less than 100 percent, but reaches at least 100 percent within five years and remains at or above 100 percent throughout the remainder of the 10-year short-range period.
The projected trust fund ratio under the intermediate assumptions for the OASI Trust Fund declines to 91 percent by the beginning of 2029 and remains below 100 percent for the remainder of the short-range period. Therefore, OASI fails the test of short-range financial adequacy.
The DI Trust Fund satisfies the test of short-range financial adequacy because the trust fund ratio, while below 100 percent at the beginning of the projection period, reaches 100 percent within five years and stays above 100 percent throughout the remainder of the 10-year period. The DI trust fund ratio is estimated to be 77 percent at the beginning of 2023. The projected DI trust fund ratio then increases to 107 percent by the beginning of 2026 and continues to increase for the remainder of the short-range period.
On a combined basis, OASDI fails the test of short-range financial adequacy because the OASDI trust fund ratio declines to 96 percent by the beginning of 2029 and remains below 100 percent for the remainder of the short-range period. Figure II.D1 shows that the trust fund ratio for the combined OASI and DI Trust Funds declines steadily after 2010.
For this report, combined reserves are projected to decline in 2023, as they did beginning in 2021, and to continue to decline throughout the remainder of the short-range period.
Long-Range Actuarial Estimates
The Trustees use three types of measures to assess the actuarial status of the program over the long-range period (2023 through 2097): (1) annual cash-flow measures, including income rates, cost rates, and balances; (2) trust fund ratios; and (3) summary measures such as actuarial balances and open-group unfunded obligations. These measures are expressed as percentages of taxable payroll, as percentages of gross domestic product (GDP), or in dollars. Appendix F also presents summary measures over the infinite horizon. The infinite horizon values provide an additional indication of Social Security’s very-long-run financial condition.
The Trustees also apply a test of long-range close actuarial balance each year. To satisfy the test, a trust fund must meet two conditions: (1) the trust fund satisfies the test of short-range financial adequacy, and (2) the trust fund ratio stays above zero throughout the 75-year projection period, such that benefits would be payable in a timely manner throughout the period. Under the intermediate assumptions, the OASI Trust Fund and the combined OASI and DI Trust Funds fail the test of long-range close actuarial balance, while the DI Trust Fund satisfies the test.
Annual Income Rates, Cost Rates, and Balances
Figure II.D2 illustrates the year-by-year relationship among OASDI income (excluding interest), cost (including scheduled benefits), and expenditures (including payable benefits) starting in 2000 and for the full 75-year projection period (2023 through 2097). The figure shows all values as percentages of taxable payroll. Under the intermediate assumptions, demographic factors by themselves cause the projected cost rate to rise rapidly for the next two decades, level off somewhat in about 2040 through 2055, rise temporarily between 2055 and 2078, and then decline somewhat through 2097. The projected income rate is relatively stable at about 13 percent throughout the 75‑year period ending in 2097.
Annual OASDI cost has exceeded non-interest income every year beginning with 2010. Cost is projected to continue to exceed non-interest income throughout the 75-year valuation period. Cost is projected to exceed total income in 2023, as it has each year beginning in 2021, and combined OASI and DI Trust Fund reserves decline until they become depleted in 2034. After trust fund reserve depletion, continuing income is sufficient to support expenditures at a level of 80 percent of program cost for the rest of 2034, declining to 74 percent for 2097. Figure II.D2 depicts OASDI operations as a combined whole. However, under current law, the differences between scheduled and payable benefits for OASI would begin in 2033, when the OASI Trust Fund is projected to become depleted. Scheduled benefits equal payable benefits for DI throughout the entire 75-year projection period, because the DI Trust Fund is not projected to become depleted during the period.
 Figure II.D3 shows the estimated number of covered workers per OASDI beneficiary. Figures II.D2 and II.D3 illustrate the inverse relationship between cost rates and the number of workers per beneficiary. In particular, the projected future increase in the cost rate reflects a projected decline in the number of covered workers per beneficiary. There were about 2.8 workers for every OASDI beneficiary in 2022. This ratio had been stable, remaining between 3.2 and 3.4 from 1974 through 2008, and has generally declined since then, initially due to the economic recession of 2007-09 and the beginning of a notable demographic shift. This shift causes the ratio of workers to beneficiaries to decline, as workers of lower-birth-rate generations replace workers of the baby-boom generation. The decline in the ratio slowed substantially between 2013 and 2019 as the recovery of the economy largely offset the demographic shift during that period. The ratio declined slightly in 2020 and then increased slightly by 2022, due to effects of the pandemic-induced recession and recovery on the number of workers. The underlying demographic shift will continue to drive this ratio down over the next 10 to 15 years. The ratio of workers to beneficiaries reaches 2.3 by 2035 when the baby-boom generation will have largely retired, and will generally decline very gradually thereafter due to increasing longevity.
Figure II.D3.—Number of Covered Workers Per OASDI Beneficiary
Another important way to look at Social Security’s future actuarial status is to view its annual cost and non-interest income as a share of U.S. economic output (GDP). As shown in figure II.D4, Social Security’s cost as a percent of GDP is generally projected to grow from 5.2 percent in 2023 to a peak of about 6.3 percent for 2076, and then decline to 6.0 percent by 2097. Social Security’s non-interest income is projected to decrease from 4.8 percent of GDP in 2023 to 4.7 percent in 2024, and then rise gradually to a peak of about 4.8 percent by 2032. Thereafter, non-interest income as a percent of GDP declines gradually, to about 4.5 percent for 2097.
Trust Fund Ratios
The trust fund ratio is defined as the asset reserves at the beginning of a year expressed as a percentage of the cost during the year. The trust fund ratio thus represents the proportion of a year’s cost which could be paid solely with the accumulated reserves at the beginning of the year. Table II.D1 displays the projected maximum trust fund ratios during the long-range period for the OASI, DI, and combined OASI and DI funds. The table also shows the year of maximum projected trust fund ratio during the long-range projection period (2023 through 2097) and the year of trust fund asset reserve depletion. Trust fund ratios for OASI and combined OASI and DI are projected to decline from their current levels until reserve depletion. For DI, the trust fund ratio is projected to rise to 267 percent of cost in 2043, and then generally decline to 159 percent of cost by 2097.
Projected year of trust fund reserve depletion

a
The trust fund is not projected to become depleted during the 75-year period ending in 2097.

Summary Measures
The actuarial balance is a summary measure of the program’s financial status through the end of the 75-year valuation period. The actuarial balance measure includes the trust fund asset reserves at the beginning of the period, all cost and income during the valuation period, and the cost of reaching a target trust fund reserve of one year’s cost by the end of the period. Therefore, the actuarial balance is essentially the difference between the present values of income and cost from 1937 through the end of the valuation period, expressed as a percentage of the taxable payroll for the 75-year valuation period. A negative actuarial balance is called an actuarial deficit. The actuarial deficit represents the average amount of change in income or cost that is needed throughout the valuation period in order to achieve actuarial balance.
In this report, the actuarial deficit for the combined OASI and DI Trust Funds under the intermediate assumptions is 3.61 percent of taxable payroll. The actuarial deficit was 3.42 percent of payroll in the 2022 report. If the assumptions, methods, starting values, and the law had all remained unchanged from last year, the actuarial deficit would have increased to 3.48 percent of payroll solely due to advancing the valuation period by 1 year, from 2022 through 2096 for last year’s report to 2023 through 2097 for this year’s report. The actuarial deficit is 1.3 percent of GDP in this year’s report, increased from 1.2 percent in last year’s report.
Another way to illustrate the projected financial shortfall of the OASDI program is to examine the cumulative present value of scheduled income less cost. Figure II.D5 shows the present value of cumulative OASDI income less cost from the inception of the program through each of the years from 2022 to 2097. A positive value represents the present value of trust fund reserves at the end of the selected year. A negative value is the unfunded obligation through the selected year. The asset reserves of the combined trust funds were about $2.83 trillion at the end of 2022. The combined trust fund reserves decline on a present value basis after 2022, but remain positive through 2033. However, after 2033 this cumulative amount becomes negative in 2034, which means that the combined OASI and DI Trust Funds have a net unfunded obligation through the end of each year after 2033. Through the end of 2097, the combined funds have a present-value unfunded obligation of $22.4 trillion. If the assumptions, methods, starting values, and the law had all remained unchanged from last year, the unfunded obligation in this year’s report would have risen to about $21.2 trillion due to the change in the valuation date and the extension of the valuation period through an additional year, 2097.
This unfunded obligation through 2097 represents 3.42 percent of taxable payroll for 2023 through 2097 (increased from an unfunded obligation through 2096 of 3.24 percent of taxable payroll for 2022 through 2096 in last year’s report) and 1.2 percent of GDP over the 75-year valuation period ending in 2097 (increased from 1.1 percent of GDP over the 75-year period ending in 2096 in last year’s report). The unfunded obligation as a share of taxable payroll over the period (3.42 percent) and the actuarial deficit (3.61 percent) are similar measures, but differ because the actuarial deficit includes the cost of having an ending trust fund reserve equal to one year’s cost.
Figures II.D2, II.D4, and II.D5 show that the program’s actuarial status will deteriorate throughout the projection period if current law is not altered. Negative annual balances and increasing cumulative shortfalls toward the end of the 75-year period provide an indication of the additional change that will be needed by that time in order to maintain solvency beyond 75 years. Consideration of summary measures alone for a 75‑year period can lead to incorrect perceptions and to policy prescriptions that do not achieve sustainable solvency.1
Appendix F presents summary measures over the infinite horizon. The infinite horizon values provide an additional indication of Social Security’s actuarial status extending indefinitely into the future, but results are subject to much greater uncertainty. Extending the horizon beyond 75 years increases the measured unfunded obligation. Through the infinite horizon, the unfunded obligation, or shortfall, is equivalent to 4.6 percent of future taxable payroll or 1.4 percent of future GDP.
Uncertainty of the Projections
Significant uncertainty surrounds the intermediate assumptions. The Trustees use several methods to help illustrate that uncertainty.
A first approach uses alternative scenarios reflecting intermediate (alternative II), low-cost (alternative I) and high-cost (alternative III) sets of assumptions. The intermediate alternative represents the Trustees’ best estimates of future experience. The low-cost alternative includes a higher ultimate total fertility rate, slower improvement in mortality, higher real wage growth, a higher ultimate real interest rate, a higher ultimate annual change in the CPI, and a lower unemployment rate. The high-cost alternative, in contrast, includes a lower ultimate total fertility rate, more rapid improvement in mortality, lower real wage growth, a lower ultimate real interest rate, a lower ultimate annual change in the CPI, and a higher unemployment rate. These alternatives are not intended to suggest that all parameters would be likely to differ from the intermediate values in the specified directions, but are intended to illustrate the effect of clearly defined scenarios that are, on balance, very favorable or very unfavorable for the program’s actuarial status. Actual future costs are unlikely to be as extreme as those portrayed by the low-cost or high-cost projections. The method for constructing the low-cost and high-cost projections does not lend itself to estimating the probability that actual experience will lie within or outside the range they define.
Figure II.D6. shows the projected trust fund ratios for the combined OASI and DI Trust Funds under the intermediate, low-cost, and high-cost assumptions. The figure indicates that the combined trust funds are projected to become depleted in 2034 under the intermediate alternative and in 2031 under the high-cost alternative. Under the low-cost alternative, trust fund reserves are projected to become depleted in 2067, but the trust funds would have sufficient income by the end of 2092 to permit full payment of scheduled benefits thereafter and also to pay in arrears the temporary shortfalls between 2067 and 2092.
Figure II.D7 shows the projected trust fund ratios separately for OASI and DI Trust Funds under the intermediate, low-cost, and high-cost assumptions. The figure indicates that the OASI reserves are projected to become depleted in 2033 under the intermediate alternative, in 2039 under the low-cost alternative, and in 2031 under the high-cost alternative. The DI reserves are projected to become depleted in 2036 under the high-cost alternative, and are not projected to become depleted under the low-cost and intermediate alternatives. This figure illustrates that OASI reserves are expected to become depleted much sooner than DI reserves, and potentially within the next 10 years.
Figure II.D7.—Long-Range OASI and DI Trust Fund Ratios
[Asset reserves as a percentage of annual cost]
Appendix D of this report presents a second approach using long-range sensitivity analysis for the OASDI program. By varying one parameter at a time, sensitivity analysis provides a second approach for illustrating the uncertainty surrounding projections into the future.
A third approach uses 5,000 independently generated stochastic simulations that reflect randomly assigned annual values and central tendencies for most of the key parameters. These simulations produce a distribution of projected outcomes and corresponding probabilities that future experience will fall within or outside a given range. The results of the stochastic simulations, discussed in more detail in appendix E, suggest that trust fund reserve depletion (the point at which reserves are insufficient to pay scheduled benefits in full and on time) is very likely before mid-century. In particular, figure II.D8 suggests that based on these stochastic simulations, trust fund reserves will become depleted with 95‑percent confidence between 2031 and 2040. In last year’s report, this range was between 2031 and 2043. After depletion relatively early in the 75-year projection period, the trust funds are projected not to have sufficient income through 2097 to permit full and timely payment of scheduled benefits.
The stochastic results suggest that trust fund ratios as high as the low-cost alternative or as low as the high-cost alternative are very unlikely.
Changes From Last Year’s Report
The projected long-range OASDI actuarial deficit increased from 3.42 percent of taxable payroll for last year’s report to 3.61 percent of taxable payroll for this year’s report. The change in the valuation date and the extension of the 75-year projection period for an additional year, 2097, would have by itself increased the actuarial deficit to 3.48 percent. Changes in law, methods, starting values, and assumptions combined to increase the actuarial deficit by an additional 0.13 percent of taxable payroll. This increase is mainly attributable to a change in the assumptions for the levels of productivity and GDP in the first several years of the projection. For this year’s report, the Trustees assume that the level of potential GDP was about 0.9 percent lower than the level estimated in last year’s report for 2020, widening to about 3.0 percent lower by 2026 and for all years thereafter. This shift was made as the Trustees lowered the levels of GDP and total economy labor productivity in response to recent economic developments, including higher-than-expected inflation rates and lower-than-expected output growth. For a detailed description of the specific changes identified in table II.D2, see section IV.B.6.
Valuation period b
-.05
-.01
-.05
-.03
-.03
-.04
-.04
-.08
-.06
-.21
-.19

a
Between -0.005 and 0.005 percent of taxable payroll.

b
The change in the 75-year valuation period from last year’s report to this report means that the 75-year actuarial balance now includes the relatively large negative annual balance for 2097. This change in the valuation period results in a larger long-range actuarial deficit. The actuarial deficit includes the trust fund reserve at the beginning of the projection period.

Note: Components may not sum to totals because of rounding.
Figure II.D9 compares this year’s projections of annual balances (non-interest income minus cost) to those in last year’s report. The annual balance for 2023 is higher (less negative) in this year’s report than it was in last year’s report. The annual balances are lower (more negative) in this year’s report for all years from 2024 through 2097. For the full 75-year projection period, the annual balances are lower, on average, by 0.13 percentage point.
 

1
Sustainable solvency for the financing of the program under a specified set of assumptions has been achieved when the projected trust fund ratio is positive throughout the 75-year projection period and is either stable or rising at the end of the period.


Table of Contents Previous Next Tables Figures Index
SSA Home | Privacy Policy | Website Policies & Other Important Information | Site Map | Actuarial Publications March 31, 2023