2008 Annual Report of the SSI Program

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G. RESEARCH ON RELATED TOPICS
The legislative mandate for this report requires inclusion of information about “relevant research on the SSI program by the Social Security Administration (SSA) and others.” Section 1 of this appendix describes major ongoing projects. Section 2 presents a bibliography of studies regarding SSI payment lev­els, recipients, and reform proposals that were published in the past 10 years by both public and private entities.
1. Ongoing Research
a. SSI Policy Simulations
Using Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) data matched to administrative records, SSA researchers have developed a model of financial eligibility for SSI that has been used to estimate the rate of participation among the eligible elderly and the effects of various options to modify the SSI program (see Davies et al. 2001/2002). The model suggests that the rate of participation among the eligible elderly was about 62 percent in 1991. The comparable participation rate estimate at the end of 1996 was also 62 percent. The model is currently being updated to use the 2004 SIPP matched to administrative records.
The model was also utilized to simulate the potential effects of several approaches to expand the SSI pro­gram to fight poverty among the elderly. Approaches focusing on incremental changes in the Federal ben­efit rate, the general income exclusion, and the resources test appear roughly equally effective in reducing the poverty gap among the elderly on a cost-equivalent basis, while two approaches focusing on relaxing the earned income exclusion are less effective (Davies, Rupp, and Strand, 2004). More recently, the model has been expanded to address SSI participation and financial eligibility among the working-age disabled, and to assess SSI benefit restructuring options for the entire SSI population. The working-aged model allows for the identification of working-aged persons by their SSI financial eligibility status, DI insured status, and participation in both programs. The model is currently being used to assess SSI’s role in com­plementing and enhancing the safety net for the working-aged population, focusing on the role of SSI in providing cash benefits to some DI beneficiaries during the 5-month waiting period and beyond, and increasing health insurance coverage among the disabled by providing access to Medicaid. The model has been used to simulate the effects of several approaches to changing in-kind support and maintenance rules and options for altering the calculation of the Federal benefit rate for certain living arrangement catego­ries. Simulation results are applied to current elderly, working-age, and child SSI populations to provide up-to-date estimates for potential program changes. The financial eligibility model has also been utilized to study eligibility for Medicare buy-in programs (see Rupp and Sears 2000; Sears 2001/2002). More recently the model has been extensively utilized to estimate the size of the population potentially eligible for the Medicare Part D low income subsidy.
b. National Survey of SSI Children and Families
The National Survey of SSI Children and Families (NSCF) was designed to address a number of SSA pol­icy and program objectives. One objective was to address issues specifically pertaining to the effects of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (welfare reform). However, the survey as designed is useful for the study of a broader range of issues of current interest to policy makers. Most importantly it allows for the analysis of a nationally representative cross-section of SSI beneficiary children aged 0-17 and young adults aged 18-23. Among the questions the survey answers are the follow­ing:
The NSCF data collection began July 2001 and concluded June 2002. The NSCF sample size was consid­erably larger for SSI children and young adults than the sample size available in other surveys. Altogether, 8,535 interviews were completed for the NSCF, including 5,006 who received SSI benefits in December 2000 and 5,033 who received SSI benefits in December 1996. A public use file and documentation from the NSCF are available on the SSA website at http://www.socialsecurity.gov/disabilityresearch/nscf.htm. Davies and Rupp (2005/2006) provides an overview of the survey and describes some key features. Other analyses underway using these data are discussed in section c below. Although it was a cross-sectional data collection effort, longitudinal data on SSI program participation are being added to the NSCF through continuing efforts to update the match between NSCF and SSI administrative records.
c. Analytic Studies
SSA researchers have conducted a number of research studies designed to provide a better understanding of the SSI program, the elderly and disabled target populations, program interactions, and the role of the SSI program in the United States social safety net. Koenig and Rupp (2003/2004) estimated the prevalence of households and families with multiple SSI recipients and provided an assessment of the poverty status of multirecipient households. Rupp and Davies (2004) tracked survey respondents from the 1984 SIPP for 14 years using administrative records on SSI and DI participation and death events to assess the relation­ship between self-reported health status, disabilities, mortality, and participation in the SSI and DI pro­grams. Weathers et al. (2007) uses a unique longitudinal dataset based on administrative data from the National Technical Institute for the Deaf (NTID) linked to SSA administrative records to conduct a case study of SSI children who applied for postsecondary education at NTID.
Several studies focus on the distributional effects of the SSI program through its interactions with other Federal and State programs. One study is utilizing longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to assess the role of SSI and related social safety net programs in providing a buffer against the potentially adverse effects of disability shocks in the near-elderly population on financial well-being. Rupp et al. (2007) provides an empirical analysis of the SSI Federal benefit rate for assessing benefit ade­quacy among elderly Social Security beneficiaries and the effectiveness of the SSI benefit eligibility screens for targeting economically vulnerable elderly beneficiaries. Another project highlights the distri­butional implications of Social Security reform scenarios involving a potential shift from wage indexing to price indexing or longevity indexing in the establishment of initial benefits. Another study uses matched SIPP records to examine potential eligibility for three major means-tested programs (SSI, Medicaid, and Food Stamp) among near retirees aged 55 to 64 and eventual SSI participation upon reaching age 65. A related research project analyzes interactions between SSI, DI, Medicaid and Medicare on a cohort of SSI and DI awardees utilizing matched administrative data from SSA and the Centers for Medicare & Medic­aid Services. Wamhoff and Wiseman (2005/2006) examines the financial consequences of TANF-to-SSI transfers and develops new estimates of both the prevalence of receipt of SSI benefits among families receiving cash assistance from TANF and the proportion of new SSI awards that go to adults and children residing in families receiving TANF-related benefits. SSA, with the Administration for Children and Fam­ilies, is also developing an initiative to find and test ways of more effectively and efficiently addressing disability issues affecting TANF-related persons who apply for SSI. Related research addresses the con­nections between the SSI and Food Stamp programs.
In 2003 and again in 2005 SSA provided funding for interviewing supplemental samples of SSI and DI beneficiaries to increase the SIPP sample size available for analyses of these target groups. DeCesaro and Hemmeter (2008) examines the characteristics of DI and SSI program participants using the 2003 supple­mental sample combined with the 2001 SIPP, both matched to administrative records. Using data from the Current Population Survey matched to SSA administrative records, an on-going study assesses the impact of using administrative records on poverty estimation among elderly SSI recipients using the official and alternative definitions of poverty.
A number of studies are utilizing the NSCF to focus on children and young adults receiving SSI. Rupp et al. (2005/2006) presents highlights from the survey characterizing SSI children with disabilities and their families. Additional research is currently underway to study employment and caregiving patterns of par­ents of SSI children, to examine employment and program outcomes among young adults after their eligi­bility redetermination at age 18, and to analyze factors affecting out-of-pocket medical expenses and unmet health care needs of disabled children. These papers are scheduled to be published in a special issue of the Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation devoted to SSI children and young adults and the transition to adulthood.
d. Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program
The Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act of 1999 requires the Commissioner of Social Security to provide for independent evaluations to assess the effectiveness of the Ticket to Work program and to submit three separate evaluation reports to Congress. In May 2003, SSA awarded two 5-year con­tracts to Mathematica Policy Research to conduct the evaluation of the Ticket to Work program. The first contract focuses on data development, qualitative data collection, and implementation of the comprehen­sive evaluation analyses. The second contract focuses on a survey of beneficiaries, which is designed to collect information on the health and well-being of beneficiaries and on how beneficiaries use the Ticket to Work program.
Rounds one, two, and three of the National Beneficiary Survey (NBS) have concluded with an overall response rate of 78 percent. SSA has now completed interviews with more than 20,000 beneficiaries with disabilities.
The first evaluation report was submitted to Congress in 2004 (Thornton et al. 2004)1, and SSA also pub­lished the first interim evaluation report early in 2006 (Thornton et al. 2006)1. The third, post-FY 2005, evaluation report was sent to Congress in October 2007. This report confirmed earlier findings of low but growing participation rates and domination of ticket assignments by State vocational rehabilitation agen­cies. The findings thus far indicate that the Ticket to Work program has significant potential but improve­ments in beneficiary awareness and Employment Network (EN) incentives are needed. Survey findings show that many more beneficiaries are interested in employment and working their way off disability ben­efits than is reflected in Ticket to Work participation. Most beneficiaries remain unaware of the Ticket to Work program despite various efforts by SSA to publicize the program. Among those who are aware, a small, but significant number who have tried to use their ticket have been unable to find an EN to accept it. Participation by ENs has been anemic and the evaluation indicates that the current payment rules are insufficient for ENs to cover their costs. SSA initiatives to reduce EN costs have helped but have not yet significantly affected EN financial viability. The evaluation also found that the recently published changes to the Ticket regulations are likely to significantly increase the early payments to ENs, thereby making the program more financially attractive to a broader range of service providers. This in turn holds promise for expanding EN availability and reinvigorating the program.
The fourth evaluation report is near completion and should be available in the summer of 2008. This report focuses on updating the third report, adding analyses of new administrative data through the end of 2005, and survey data from the second round of the NBS. Work has also begun on the fifth evaluation report that will use research data files through the end of 2006. The contractor is also collecting informa­tion for analyses of Ticket program costs and implementing the fifth round of process interviews. The data analysis files from the third round of the national NBS have also been completed. This data will be ana­lyzed as part of the fifth report to examine the longitudinal aspects of Ticket program participation by ben­eficiaries. SSA has also modified the Ticket evaluation contract to include a more comprehensive analysis of the early Work Incentives Planning and Assistance program. The fifth report will include findings from those analyses. Release of the fifth report is expected in 2009.
e. Homeless Outreach Projects and Evaluation (HOPE)
In fiscal years 2003-2005, SSA’s appropriations included earmarked funds totaling $24 million to conduct outreach and application assistance to the homeless and other under-served populations in support of the President’s initiative to end chronic homelessness. In 2004, SSA awarded funds to 41 service providers in 20 States and the District of Columbia that provide services to the homeless. The service providers began enrolling project participants in September 2004. Of the 41 service providers, 34 provided outreach efforts through April 2008, and the remaining seven service providers will continue through October 2008. As of January 2008, HOPE grantees assisted 9,596 homeless individuals with their applications for SSI. Of those, 3,179 have been awarded benefits based on disability.
In October 2007, Westat, of Rockville, Maryland released the final evaluation report of the HOPE pro­gram. The overall findings of the independent evaluation showed that HOPE programs were more effec­tive than similar programs without HOPE funding in facilitating determinations for benefits and in obtaining positive housing outcomes.
f. Youth Transition Demonstration (YTD)
To further the President’s New Freedom Initiative goal of increasing employment of individuals with dis­abilities, SSA created the Youth Transition Demonstration (YTD). The YTD establishes partnerships to improve employment outcomes for youth ages 14-25 who receive (or could receive) SSI or SSDI pay­ments on the basis of their own disability. The YTD projects include service delivery systems and a broad array of services and supports to assist youth with disabilities in their transition from school to employ­ment and to help them gain economic self-sufficiency.
YTD began in 2003, with seven projects in six States. In 2007, SSA piloted new projects in five States, choosing a total of three new projects in Florida, Maryland, and West Virginia. These three projects are joining three (Colorado and two New York) of the original seven projects in a random assignment study. This study will produce the first evaluation of the empirical evidence of the effects of youth transition pro­grams and modified SSI work incentives.
The modified SSI program rules that we are testing under the YTD include the following five elements.
Despite the finding of a continuing disability review or an age-18 medical redetermination that an individual is no longer eligible for benefits, SSA will continue paying benefits for as long as the indi­vidual continues to be a YTD participant.
The student earned income exclusion (section 1612(b)(1) of the Act), which normally applies only to students who are under age 22, will apply to all participants who meet school attendance require­ments.
The general earned income exclusion (section 1612(b)(4) of the Act) permits the exclusion of $65 plus half of what an individual earns in excess of $65. For the YTD, SSA will exclude the first $65 plus three-fourths of any additional earnings.
Ordinarily, a plan to achieve self-support (PASS) must specify an employment goal that refers to get­ting a particular kind of job or starting a particular business. For the YTD, SSA will approve an other­wise satisfactory PASS that has either career exploration or postsecondary education as its goal. Income and assets that an individual uses for PASS expenses do not count when SSA determines SSI eligibility and payment amount.
As of December 2007, 306 of the 1,317 YTD participants (23 percent) were employed full-time or part-time. Most are students, so the nature of work varies widely and some of it is short term. As a rough com­parison, only about 11 percent of all SSI recipients aged 18-21 were working as of December 2006.
g. Disability Program Navigators (DPNs)
The Department of Labor (DOL) and SSA jointly established the Disability Program Navigator (DPN) position. DPNs are located in DOL's One-Stop Career Centers and help disabled individuals navigate the challenges of seeking work. The rules surrounding entitlement programs and a fear of losing cash assis­tance and health benefits often discourage people with disabilities from working. DOL and SSA estab­lished the DPN initiative to better inform beneficiaries and other people with disabilities about the work support programs available at DOL-funded One-Stop Career Centers. This initiative is developing new/ongoing partnerships to achieve seamless, comprehensive, and integrated access to services, creating sys­temic change, and expanding the workforce development system’s capacity to serve customers with dis­abilities and employers. As of October, 2007, there were approximately 500 Navigators in 45 States, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. See http://www.doleta.gov/disability/ for the list of DPN States/con­tacts.
2. Bibliography of Recent Publications
Alterman, A. I., Q. Shen, J. C. Merrill, A. T. McLellan, J. Durell, and J. R. McKay. “Treatment Services Received by Supplemental Security Income Drug and Alcohol Clients.” Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 18, 3 (2000): 209-215.
American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Children with Disabilities. “The Continued Importance of Supplemental Security Income (SSI) for Children and Adolescents with Disabilities.” Pediatrics 107, 4, Part 1 of 2 (April 2001): 790-793.
Angel, Ronald J. “Living Arrangements and Supplemental Security Income Use Among Elderly Asians and Hispanics in the United States: The Role of Nativity and Citizenship.” Journal of Ethnic and Migra­tion Studies 28, 3 (2002): 553-563.
Angel, Ronald J., Jacqueline L. Angel, Geum-Yong Lee, and Kyriakos S. Markides. “Age at Migration and Family Dependency Among Older Mexican Immigrants: Recent Evidence from the Mexican Ameri­can EPESE.” Gerontologist 39, 1 (February 1999): 59-65.
Aron, Laudan Y. and Pamela Loprest. Meeting the Needs of Children with Disabilities. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press, 2007.
Autor, David H. and Mark G. Duggan. The Rise in Disability Recipiency and the Decline in Unemploy­ment. JCPR Working Paper No. 226, Joint Center for Poverty Research, June 2001.
Auxter, David, William Halloran, Hugh G. Berry, and Susan O’Mara. “The Precarious Safety Net: The Supplemental Security Income and Age 18 Redeterminations.” Focus on Autism & Other Developmental Disabilities 14, 4 (Winter 1999): 194-203, 211.
Balkus, Richard and Susan Wilschke. “Annual Wage Trends for Supplemental Security Income Recipi­ents.” Social Security Bulletin 65, 2 (2003/2004): 49-58.
________. Treatment of Married Couples in the SSI Program. Issue Paper No. 2003-01. Washington, DC: Office of Disability and Income Assistance Policy, Office of Policy, Social Security Administration, December 2003.
Balkus, Richard L., L. Scott Muller, Mark Nadel, and Michael Wiseman. “The Challenge of Growth: Pub­lic Disability Benefits in the United States.” In Sick Societies? Trends in Disability Benefits in Post-Indus­trial Welfare States, edited by Peter A. Kemp, Annika Sunden, and Bernhard Bakker Tauritz. Geneva, Switzerland: International Social Security Association, 2006.
Barrilleaux, Charles and Ethan Bernick. “Deservingness, Discretion, and the State Politics of Welfare Spending, 1990-96.” State Politics & Policy Quarterly 3, 1 (Spring 2003): 1-23.
Battaglia, Carol. “SSI and Medicaid Recipients Have a Responsibility to Report Changes that Can Affect Benefits.” Exceptional Parent 37, 2 (February 2007): 47-48.
Beedon, Laurel and Charles Ford. “Supplemental Security Income (SSI): Yesterday, Today and Tomor­row.” Data Digest AARP Public Policy Institute 43 (February 2000): 1-4.
Beekman, John A. and Eli N. Donkar. “The Relationship Between the Supplemental Security Income and the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance Programs During the 1990s.” North American Actuarial Journal 5, 4 (2001): 1-23.
Beers, Nathaniel S., Alexa Kemeny, Lon Sherritt, and Judith S. Palfrey. “Variations in State-Level Defini­tions: Children with Special Health Care Needs.” Public Health Reports 118, 5 (September/October 2003): 434-447.
Benitez-Silva, Hugo, Moshe Buchinsky, and John Rust. How Large are the Classification Errors in the Social Security Disability Award Process? National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 10219, January 2004.
Berry, Hugh G. “The Supplemental Security Income Program and Employment for Young Adults with Disabilities: An Analysis of the National Health Interview Survey on Disability.” Focus on Autism & Other Developmental Disabilities 15, 3 (Fall 2000): 176-182.
Bond, Gary R, Haiyi Xie, and Robert E. Drake. “Can SSDI and SSI Beneficiaries with Mental Illness Ben­efit from Evidence-Based Supported Employment?” Psychiatric Services 58, 11 (November 2007): 1412-1420.
Bound, John and Richard V. Burkhauser. Tracking the Household Income of SSDI and SSI Applicants. Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper No. 99-03, Michigan Retirement Research Center at the University of Michigan, May 2001.
Bound, John, Julie Berry Cullen, Austin Nichols, and Lucie Schmidt. “The Welfare Implications of Increasing Disability Insurance Benefit Generosity” Journal of Public Economics 88, 12 (December 2004): 2487-2514.
Bound, John, Michael Schoenbaum, and Timothy A. Waidman. Health Limitations and Early Retirement. Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper No. 99-Q2, Michigan Retirement Research Center at the University of Michigan, September 2000.
Brown, Michael Hayden. Geographic and Group Variation in Supplemental Security Income. Ph.D. dis­sertation, University of Kentucky, 2002.
Burkhauser, Richard V. and Mary C. Daly. “U.S. Disability Policy in a Changing Environment.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 16, 1 (2002): 213-224.
Burstein, Nancy R., Erik Beecroft, Jordan Hiller, and Michelle L. Wood. “Effects of the Project NetWork Demonstration Waiver Provisions: Final Report.” Bethesda, MD: Abt Associates Inc., 1999.
Butrica, Barbara A. and Gordon B.T. Mermin. Annuitized Wealth and Consumption at Older Ages. Center for Retirement Research Working Paper No. 2006-26, Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, December 2006.
Campbell, Kevin, Jim Baumohl, and Sharon R. Hunt. “The Bottom Line: Employment and Barriers to Work among Former SSI DA&A Beneficiaries.” Contemporary Drug Problems 30, 1-2 (Spring/Summer 2003): 195-240.
Chatterji, Pinka and Ellen Meara. Health and Labor Market Consequences of Eliminating Federal Dis­ability Benefits for Substance Abusers. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 13407, September 2007.
Clarke, George R.G. “The Effect of Medicaid on Cash Assistance to the Aged and Disabled Poor.” Public Finance Review 31, 1 (January 2003): 3- 43.
Daly, Mary C. and Richard V. Burkhauser. The Supplemental Security Income Program. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Working Paper No. 2001-06, September 2000.
Davies, Paul S. “SSI Eligibility and Participation Among the Oldest Old: Evidence from the AHEAD.” Social Security Bulletin 64, 3 (2001/2002): 38-63.
Davies, Paul S. and Kalman Rupp. “An Overview of the National Survey of SSI Children and Families and Related Products.” Social Security Bulletin 66, 2 (2005/2006): 7-20.
Davies, Paul S. and Melissa M. Favreault. Interactions between Social Security Reform and the Supple­mental Security Income for the Aged. Center for Retirement Research Working Paper No. 2004-02, Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, February 2004.
Davies, Paul S. and Michael J. Greenwood. Welfare Reform and Immigrant Participation in the Supple­mental Security Income Program. Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper No. 2004-087, Michigan Retirement Research Center at the University of Michigan, September 2004.
Davies, Paul S., Howard Iams, and Kalman Rupp. “The Effect of Welfare Reform on SSA’s Disability Programs: Design of Policy Evaluation and Early Evidence.” Social Security Bulletin 63, 1 (2000): 3-11.
Davies, Paul S., Kalman Rupp, and Alexander Strand. “The Potential of the SSI Program to Fight Poverty among the Poorest Elderly.” Journal of Aging and Social Policy 16, 1 (2004): 21-42.
Davies, Paul S., Minh Huynh, Chad Newcomb, Paul O’Leary, Kalman Rupp, and Jim Sears. “Modeling SSI Financial Eligibility and Simulating the Effect of Policy Options.” Social Security Bulletin 64, 2 (2001/2002): 16-45.
DeCesaro, Anne and Jeffrey Hemmeter. Characteristics of Noninstitutionalized DI and SSI Program Par­ticipants. Research and Statistics Note No. 2008-02. Washington, DC: Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics, Office of Retirement and Disability Policy, Social Security Administration, January 2008.
Dietz, Tracy L. “Mexican American Elderly and Supplemental Security Income: Reasons and Characteris­tics Associated with Nonuse.” Journal of Applied Gerontology 20, 3 (September 2001): 292-306.
Dobkin, Carlos and Steven L. Puller. “The Effects of Government Transfers on Monthly Cycles in Drug Abuse, Hospitalization and Mortality.” Journal of Public Economics 91, 11-12 (December 2007): 2137-2157.
DosReis, Susan, Julie Magno Zito, Daniel J. Safer, and Karen L. Soeken. “Mental Health Services for Youths in Foster Care and Disabled Youths.” American Journal of Public Health 91, 7 (July 2001):
1094-1099.
Duggan, Mark G. and Melissa Schettini Kearney. “The Impact of Child SSI Enrollment on Household Outcomes.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 26, 4 (Autumn 2007): 861-886.
________. The Impact of Child SSI Enrollment on Household Outcomes: Evidence from the Survey of Income and Program Participation. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 11568, August 2005.
Elder, Todd and Elizabeth Powers. A Longitudinal Analysis of Entries and Exits of the Low-Income Eld­erly to and from the Supplemental Security Income Program.  Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper No. 2007-156, Michigan Retirement Research Center at the University of Michigan, Octo­ber 2007.
________. “The Incredible Shrinking Program: Trends in SSI Participation of the Aged.” Research on Aging 28, 3 (May 2006): 341-358.
________. Public Health Insurance and SSI Program Participation Among the Aged. Michigan Retire­ment Research Center Working Paper No. 2006-117, Michigan Retirement Research Center at the Univer­sity of Michigan, April 2006.
________. “The Effect of Falling SSI Generosity on SSI Participation Among the Aged Since the 1970s.” Proceedings of the 98th Annual Conference on Taxation of the National Tax Association (2005): 400-406.
Ettner, Susan L., Karen Kuhlthau, Thomas J. McLaughlin, James M. Perrin, and Steven L. Gortmaker. “Impact of Expanding SSI on Medical Expenditures of Disabled Children.” Health Care Financing Review 21 (Spring 2000): 185-201.
Favreault, Melissa M. and Douglas A. Wolf. Living Arrangements and Supplemental Security Income Receipt Among the Aged. Center for Retirement Research Working Paper No. 2004-03, Center for Retire­ment Research at Boston College, February 2004.
Feldstein, Martin S. and Jeffrey B. Liebman. Eds. The Distributional Aspects of Social Security and Social Security Reform. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2002.
Fernandes, Adrienne L., Scott Szymendera, and Emilie Stolzfus. Child Welfare: Social Security and Sup­plemental Security Income (SSI) Benefits for Children in Foster Care. Washington, DC: Library of Con­gress, Congressional Research Service Report No. RL33855, February 2007.
Fitzpatrick, Collen. “Report Highlights Impact of Welfare Reform on Addicted Population.” Alcoholism & Drug Abuse Weekly 15, 31 (August 2003): 1-3.
Garrett, Bowen and Sherry Glied. “Does State AFDC Generosity Affect Child SSI Participation?” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 19, 2 (Spring 2000): 275-295.
Gibson, Nancy P. “SSI Rules Simplification Provides Helpful Changes.” The Exceptional Parent 35, 4 (April 2005): 64-65.
Giertz, Seth. An Examination of the Impact of Federal Disability Programs On Family Labor Supply: Evi­dence from the Health and Retirement Study, Center for Retirement Research Dissertation, Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, May, 2001.
Gilmer, Todd, Richard Kronick, Paul Fishman, and Theodore G. Ganiats. “The Medicaid Rx Model: Phar­macy-Based Risk Adjustment for Public Programs.” Medical Care 39, 11 (November 2001): 1188-1202.
Goulet, Joseph L., Robert Rosenheck, and Leslie Douglas. “Effectiveness of a Targeted Mailing Outreach Program on SSI Applications and Awards.” The Social Service Review 73, 4 (Dec. 1999): 579-587.
Grady, April. Primer on Disability Benefits: Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and Supplemen­tal Security Income (SSI). Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. RL32279, March 2005.
Gruber, Jonathan and Jeffrey Kubik. Health Insurance Coverage and the Disability Insurance Application Decision. Center for Retirement Research Working Paper No. 2002-04, Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, September 2002.
Guydish, Joseph, Claudia Ponath, Alan Bostrom, Kevin M. Campbell, and Nancy Barron. “Effects of Los­ing SSI Benefits on Standard Drug and Alcohol Outcomes Measures.” Contemporary Drug Problems 30, 1-2 (Spring/Summer 2003): 169-193.
Haider, Steven J., Alison Jacknowitz, and Robert F. Schoeni. The Economic Status of Elderly Divorced Women. Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper No. 2003-046, Michigan Retirement Research Center at the University of Michigan, May 2003.
Hanrahan, Patricia, Daniel J. Luchin, Lea Cloninger, and James Swartz. “Medicaid Eligibility of Former Supplemental Security Income Recipients with Drug or Alcoholism Disability.” American Journal of Pub­lic Health 94, 1 (January 2004): 46-47.
Hao, Lingxin and Yukio Kawano. “Immigrants’ Welfare Use and Opportunity for Contact with Co-Eth­nics.” Demography 38, 3 (August 2001): 376-389.
Herd, Pamela, Robert F. Schoeni, and James S. House. “Upstream Solutions: Does the Supplemental Security Income Program Reduce Disability in the Elderly?” The Milbank Quarterly 86, 1 (March 2008): 5-45.
Hill, Steven C. and Judith Wooldridge. “Informed Participation in TennCare by People with Disabilities.” Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 17, 4 (November 2006): 851-875.
________. “SSI Enrollees’ Health Care in TennCare.” Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Under­served 14, 2 (May 2003): 229-243.
________. “Plan Characteristics and SSI Enrollees’ Access to and Quality of Care in Four TennCare MCOs.” Health Services Research 37, 5 (2002): 1197-1220.
Hill, Steven C., Craig Thornton, Christopher Trenholm, and Judith Wooldridge. “Risk Selection Among SSI Enrollees in TennCare.” Inquiry 39, 2 (Summer 2002): 152-167.
Hogan, Sean R., George J. Unick, Richard Speiglman, and Jean C. Norris. “Social Welfare Policy and Public Assistance for Low-Income Substance Abusers: The Impact of 1996 Welfare Reform Legislation on the Economic Security of Former Supplemental Security Income Drug Addiction and Alcoholism Ben­eficiaries. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare 35, 1 (March 2008): 221-24.
Hunt, Sharon R. and Jim Baumohl. “Now Invited to Testify: Former Beneficiaries Appraise the SSI Drug Addiction and Alcoholism Program.” Contemporary Drug Problems 30, 1-2 (Spring/Summer 2003):
169-193.
Huynh, Minh, Kalman Rupp, and James Sears. The Assessment of Survey of Income and Program Partici­pation (SIPP) Benefit Data Using Longitudinal Administrative Records. SIPP Working Paper No. 238. Census Bureau, 2002.
Inkelas, Moira, Melissa Rowe, Lynn A. Karoly, and Jeannette A. Rogowski. Policy Evaluation of the Effects of the 1996 Welfare Reform Legislation on SSI Benefits for Disabled Children: Second Round Case Study Findings. RAND Corporation Report DRU-2224, May 2000.
________. Policy Evaluation of the Effects of the 1996 Welfare Reform Legislation on SSI Benefits for Disabled Children: First Round Case Study Findings. RAND Corporation Report DRU-2017, June 1999.
Karoly, Lynn A. and Paul S. Davies. Impact of the 1996 Childhood Disability Reforms: Evidence from Matched SIPP-SSA Data. Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper No. 2004-079, Michigan Retirement Research Center at the University of Michigan, June 2004.
Karoly, Lynn A., Randall A. Hirscher, and Jeannette A. Rogowski. A Descriptive Analysis of the SSI Childhood and Age-18 Disability Redetermination Process: Results through August 28, 1999. RAND Cor­poration Report DRU-2328, August 2000.
Katz, Marsha R. Don’t Look for Logic: An Advocate’s Manual for Negotiating the SSI and SSDI Programs. Missoula, MT: University of Montana Rural Institute, 2005.
Kelly, Rachel. Supplemental Security Income: Efforts to Prevent Prisoners from Receiving Benefits. Wash­ington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, 1999.
Kennedy, Lenna D. “Earnings Histories of SSI Beneficiaries Working in December 1997.” Social Security Bulletin 63, 3 (2000): 34-46.
________. “SSI At Its 25th Year.” Social Security Bulletin 62, 2 (1999): 52-58.
Kijakazi, Kilolo. Women’s Retirement Income: The Case for Improving Supplemental Security Income. Washington, DC: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 2001.
Kingson, Eric R., Margaret Morse, and Gary Calhoun. The Evolution of Social Security Disabled Widow(er)s Benefits. Center for Retirement Research Working Paper No. 2003-9, Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, May 2003.
Koenig, Melissa and Kalman Rupp. “SSI Recipients in Households and Families with Multiple Recipi­ents: Prevalence and Poverty Outcomes.” Social Security Bulletin 65,2 (2003/2004): 14-27.
Kornfeld, Robert and Kalman Rupp. “The Net Effects of the Project NetWork Return-to-Work Case Man­agement Experiment on Participant Earnings, Benefit Receipt, and Other Outcomes.” Social Security Bul­letin 63, 1 (2000): 12-33.
Kornfeld, Robert J., Michelle L. Wood, Larry L. Orr, and David A. Long. Impact of the Project NetWork Demonstration: Final Report. Bethesda, MD: Abt Associates Inc., March 1999.
Kubik, Jeffrey D. “Fiscal Federalism and Welfare Policy: The Role of States in the Growth of Child SSI.” National Tax Journal 56, 1 (March 2003): 61-79.
________. “Incentives for the Identification and Treatment of Children with Disabilities: The Supplemen­tal Security Income Program.” Journal of Public Economics 73, 2 (1999): 187-215.
Lee, Julie, Mark McClellan, and Jonathan Skinner. The Distributional Effects of Medicare. In “Tax Policy and the Economy,” James Poterba, editor, Volume 13, 1999.
Lewin Group. Evaluation Design for the Ticket to Work Program: Preliminary Process Evaluation. Report prepared for the Social Security Administration. March 2003.
________. Evaluation Design for the Ticket to Work Program: Preliminary Report on Evaluation Design. Report prepared for the Social Security Administration. June 2002.
Loprest, Pamela J. Supplemental Security Income for Children with Disabilities: Part of the Federal Safety Net. Urban Institute Number A-10 in Series Issues and Options for States, 2000.
Loprest, Pamela J. and David C. Wittenburg. “Posttransition Experiences of Former Child SSI Recipi­ents.” Social Service Review 81, 4 (December 2007): 583-608.
________. Choices, Challenges, and Options: Child SSI Recipients Preparing for the Transition to Adult Life, report prepared under contract to the Social Security Administration, May 2005.
Lo Sasso, Anthony T. and Deborah A. Freund. “A Longitudinal Evaluation of the Effect of Medi-Cal Managed Care on Supplemental Security Income and Aid to Families with Dependent Children Enrollees in Two California Counties.” Medical Care 38, 9 (2000): 937-948.
Luchansky, Bill, Dan Fordlund, Sharon Estee, Peter Lund, Antoinette Krupski, and Kenneth Stark. “Sub­stance Abuse Treatment and Criminal Justice Involvement for SSI Recipients: Results from Washington State.” American Journal on Addictions 15, 5 (September-October 2006): 370-379.
Martin, Patricia P. “Hispanics, Social Security, and Supplemental Security Income.” Social Security Bulle­tin 67, 2 (2007): 73-100.
Martin, Teran and Paul S. Davies. “Changes in the Demographic and Economic Characteristics of SSI and DI Beneficiaries between 1984 and 1999.” Social Security Bulletin 65, 2 (2003/2004): 1-13.
Matherlee, Karen. Bridging Silos, Part I: Linkages among the DI, SSI, Medicare, and Medicaid Programs. National Health Policy Forum Background Paper. Washington, DC: National Health Policy Forum. November 2003.
________. Bridging Silos, Part II: DI, SSI, Medicare, and Medicaid Issues and Incentives. National Health Policy Forum Background Paper. Washington, DC: National Health Policy Forum. November 2003.
Mayer, Susan E. Why Welfare Caseloads Fluctuate: A Review of Research on AFDC, SSI, and the Food Stamp Program. Joint Center for Poverty Research Working Paper 166 (April 2000).
McGarry, Kathleen. Guaranteed Income: SSI and the Well-Being of the Elderly Poor. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. W7574, March 2000.
Mitchell, Jean M. and Darrell J. Gaskin. “Factors Affecting Plan Choice and Unmet Need Among Supple­mental Security Income Eligible Children with Disabilities.” Health Services Research 40, 5, pt. 1 (Octo­ber 2005): 1379-1399.
________. “Do Children Receiving Supplemental Security Income Who Are Enrolled in Medicaid Fare Better Under a Fee-for-Service or Comprehensive Capitation Model?” Pediatrics 114, 1 (July 2004): 196-204.
Mitchell, Susan, Colette Lamothe-Galette, and Frank Potter. Survey Response Incentives for a Low-Income Population: What Works? Mathematica Policy Research Issue Brief Number 2003-2. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. November 2003.
Moffitt, Robert. Economic Effects of Means-Tested Transfers in the U.S. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 8730, January 2002.
Msall, Michael E., Fernando Bobis, and Shelly Field. “Children with Disabilities and Supplemental Secu­rity Income.” Infants & Young Children: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Special Care Practices 19, 1 (January-March 2006): 2-15.
Nadel, Mark, Lisa Alecxih, Rene Parent, and James Sears. “Medicare Premium Buy-in Programs: Results of SSA Demonstration Projects.” Social Security Bulletin 63, 3 (2000): 26-33.
Nadel, Mark, Steve Wamhoff, and Michael Wiseman. “Disability, Welfare Reform, and SSI.” Social Secu­rity Bulletin 65, 3 (2003/2004): 14-29.
Neumark, David and Elizabeth T. Powers. “The Effects of Changes in State SSI Supplements on Pre-Retirement Labor Supply.” Public Finance Review 33, 1 (January 2005): 3-35.
________. “The Effect of the SSI Program on Labor Supply: Improved Evidence from Social Security Administrative Files.” Social Security Bulletin 65, 3 (2003/2004): 45-60.
________. “Welfare for the Elderly: the Effects of SSI on Pre-Retirement Labor Supply.” Journal of Pub­lic Economics 78, 1,2 (October 2000): 51-80.
Neumark, David, Elizabeth T. Powers, and Klaus F. Zimmermann. “Supplemental Security Income, Labor Supply, and Migration.” Journal of Population Economics 19, 3 (July 2006): 447-479.
Norris, Jean, Richard Scott, Richard Speiglman, and Rex Green. “Homelessness, Hunger and Material Hardship Among Those Who Lost SSI.” Contemporary Drug Problems 30, 1-2 (Spring/Summer 2003): 241-273.
Ozawa, Martha N. “SSI and Adults with Disabilities.” Journal of Disability Policy Studies 13, 3 (2002): 153-162.
________. “SSI for Children with Mental Disorders: Backgrounds and a Study of Participation.” Children and Youth Review 21, 6 (1999): 437-462.
Ozawa, Martha N. and Hong-Sik Yoon. “Social Security and SSI as Safety Nets for the Elderly Poor.” Journal of Aging and Social Policy 14, 2 (2002): 1-25.
Parent, Rene. Defined Contribution Pension Plans and the Supplemental Security Income Program. Policy Brief No. 2006-01. Washington, DC: Office of Disability and Income Assistance Policy, Office of Policy, Social Security Administration, March 2006.
Perrin, James M., Karen Kuhlthau, Thomas J. McLaughlin, Susan L. Ettner, and Steven L. Gortmaker. “Changing Patterns of Conditions Among Children Receiving Supplemental Security Income Disability Benefits.” Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 153, 1 (January 1999): 80-84.
Podus, Deborah, Eunice Chang, Mary Lynn Brecht, James A. Swartz, and Douglas M. Anglin. “Drug Use Prevalence among Former SSI DA&A Recipients.” Contemporary Drug Problems 30, 1-2 (Spring/Sum­mer 2003): 275-290.
Powers, Elizabeth T. and David Neumark. “The Interaction of Public Retirement Income Programs in the United States.” American Economic Review 93, 2 (May 2003): 261-265.
________. The Supplemental Security Income Program and Incentives to Claim Social Security Retire­ment Early: Empirical Evidence from Matched SIPP and Social Security Administrative Files. Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper No. 2003-036, Michigan Retirement Research Center at the University of Michigan, January 2003.
________. The Supplemental Security Income Program and Incentives to Take Up Social Security Early Retirement: Empirical Evidence from Matched SIPP and Social Security Administration Files. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 8670, December 2001.
Powers, Elizabeth T. and Todd Elder. SSI for the Aged and the Problem of Take-Up. Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper No. 03-14, Michigan Retirement Research Center at the University of Michigan, January 2004.
Reichman, Nancy E., Hope Corman, and Kelly Noonan. “Effects of Child Health on Sources of Public Support.” Southern Economic Journal 73, 1 (July 2006): 136-156.
Roberto, Pamela N., Jean M. Mitchell, and Darrell J. Gaskin. “Plan Choice and Changes in Access to Care over Time for SSI-Eligible Children with Disabilities.” Inquiry 42, 2 (Summer 2005): 145-159.
Roberts-DeGennaro, Maria. “Welfare Reform: Impact on Children Under Age 18 Receiving SSI.” Journal of Health and Social Policy 14, 2 (2001): 1-24.
________. “Impact of U.S. Federal Welfare Reform Law on Children with Mental Disorders Receiving SSI.” Journal of Health and Social Policy 13, 2 (2001): 1-20.
Rogers, Jackie B., Malachy Bishop, and Ralph M. Crystal. “Predicting Rehabilitation Outcome for Sup­plemental Security Income and Social Security Disability Income Recipients: Implications for Consider­ation with the Ticket to Work Program.” Journal of Rehabilitation 71, 3 (July/August/September 2005): 5-10.
Rogowski, Jeannette A., Lynn A. Karoly, Jacob A. Klerman, Moira Inkelas, Melissa Rowe, and Randall A. Hirscher. Final Report for Policy Evaluation of the Effect of the 1996 Welfare Reform Legislation on SSI Benefits for Disabled Children. RAND Corporation Report DRU-2559-SSA, March 2002.
Rosen, Marc I., Thomas J. McMahon, and Robert A. Rosenheck. “Homeless People Whose Self-Reported SSI/DI Status Is Inconsistent with Social Security Administration Record.” Social Security Bulletin 67, 1 (2007): 53-62.
Rosen, Marc I., Thomas J. McMahon, HaiQun Lin, and Robert A. Rosenheck. “Effect of Social Security Payments on Substance Abuse in a Homeless Mentally Ill Cohort.” Health Services Research 41, 1 (Feb­ruary 2006) 173-191.
Rudbeck, Jason. “Paying Attention to Welfare: Supplemental Security Income, Attention Deficit Hyperac­tivity Disorder, and the Incentives of Parents” Ph.D. diss., Clemson University, 2006.
Rupp, Kalman, Alexander Strand, and Paul Davies. “Poverty among Elderly Women: Assessing SSI Options to Strengthen Social Security Reform.” Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences 58B, 6 (November 2003): S359-S368.
________. “The Potential of the Supplemental Security Program to Fight Poverty among Elderly Women.” In Proceedings of the Sixth Women’s Policy Research Conference, The Status of Women: Facing the Facts, Forging the Future, June 8-9, 2001, by the Institute for Women’s Policy Research, pp. 265-269. Washington, DC: Institute for Women’s Policy Research, Spring 2003.
Rupp, Kalman, Alexander Strand, Paul S. Davies, and James Sears. “Benefit Adequacy Among Elderly Social Security Retired Worker Beneficiaries and the SSI Federal Benefit Rate,” Social Security Bulletin 67, 3: 29-52.
Rupp, Kalman and James Sears. “Eligibility for the Medicare Buy-In Programs, Based on a Survey of Income and Program Participation Simulation.” Social Security Bulletin 63, 3 (2000): 13-25.
Rupp, Kalman and Paul S. Davies. “A Long-Term View of Health Status, Disabilities, Mortality, and Par­ticipation in the DI and SSI Disability Programs.” In Research in Labor Economics, Accounting for Worker Well-Being, Volume 23, edited by Solomon W. Polachek. Amsterdam: Elsevier, JAI Press, 2004.
Rupp, Kalman and Stephen H. Bell eds. Paying for Results in Vocational Rehabilitation: Will Provider Incentives Work for Ticket to Work? Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, 2003.
Rupp, Kalman, Dianne Driessen, Robert Kornfeld, and Michelle Wood. “The Development of the Project NetWork Administrative Records Database for Policy Evaluation.” Social Security Bulletin 62, 2 (1999): 30-42.
Rupp, Kalman, Paul S. Davies, Chad Newcomb, Howard Iams, Carrie Becker, Shanti Mulpuru, Stephen Ressler, Kathleen Romig, and Baylor Miller. “A Profile of Children with Disabilities Receiving SSI Bene­fits: Highlights from the National Survey of SSI Children and Families.” Social Security Bulletin 66, 2 (2005/2006): 21-36.
Schmidt, Lucie. Effects of Welfare Reform on the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program. National Poverty Center Policy Brief No. 4, Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan, Octo­ber 2004.
Schmidt, Lucie and Purvi Sevak. “AFDC, SSI, and Welfare Reform Aggressiveness: Caseload Reductions vs. Caseload Shifting.” Journal of Human Resources 39, 3 (Summer 2004): 792-812.
Scott, Charles G. “Identifying the Race or Ethnicity of SSI Recipients.” Social Security Bulletin 62, 4 (1999): 9-20.
Scott, Richard and Jim Baumohl. “Decisions to Appeal, Decisions to Approve: Requalification for SSI by Former DA&A Beneficiaries.” Contemporary Drug Problems 30, 1-2 (Spring/Summer 2003): 147-168.
Sears, James. “Comparing Beneficiaries of the Medicare Savings Programs with Eligible Nonpartici­pants.” Social Security Bulletin 64, 3 (2001/2002): 76-80.
Sim, Joann. “Improving Return-to-Work Strategies in the United States Disability Programs, with Analy­sis of Program Practices in Germany and Sweden.” Social Security Bulletin 62, 3 (1999): 41-50.
Smeeding, Timothy M. and Susanna Sandstrom. Poverty and Income Maintenance in Old Age: A Cross-National View of Low Income Older Women. Center for Retirement Research Working Paper No. 2004-29, Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, November 2004.
Smith, Lauren A., Paul H. Wise, and Nina S. Wampler. “Knowledge of Welfare Reform Program Provi­sions Among Families of Children with Chronic Conditions.” American Journal of Public Health 92, 2 (February 2002): 228-230.
Soss, Joe and Lael R. Keiser. The Political Roots of Disability Claims: How State Environments and Poli­cies Shape Citizen Demand. Institute for Research on Poverty Discussion Paper No. 1292-05, January 2005.
Stapleton, David C. and Adam Tucker. “Will Expanding Health Care Coverage for People with Disabili­ties Increase their Employment and Earnings? Evidence from an Analysis of the SSI Work Incentive Pro­gram.” In The Economics of Disability: Research in Human Capital and Development, edited by David S. Salkever and Alan Sorking. Stamford, CT: JAI Press 2000.
Stapleton, David C., David C. Wittenburg, Michael E. Fishman, and Gina A. Livermore. “Transitions from AFDC to SSI Before Welfare Reform.” Social Security Bulletin 64, 1 (2001/2002): 84-114.
Stapleton, David C., Michael E. Fishman, Gina A. Livermore, David Wittenburg, Adam Tucker, and Scott Scrivner. Policy Evaluation of the Overall Effects of Welfare Reform on SSA Programs, final report and appendix prepared under contract to the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, Department of Health and Human Services and the Social Security Administration, April 1999.
Strand, Alexander. Social Security Disability Programs: Assessing the Variation in Allowance Rates. ORES Working Paper No. 98, Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics, Social Security Administra­tion, 2002.
Strand, Alexander and Kalman Rupp. “Disabled Workers and the Indexing of Social Security Benefits.” (Forthcoming) Social Security Bulletin 67, 4 (2007).
Swartz, James A., Arthur J. Lurigio, and Paul Goldstein. “Severe Mental Illness and Substance Use Disor­ders Among Former Supplemental Security Income Beneficiaries for Drug Addiction and Alcoholism.” Archives of General Psychiatry 57, 7 (July 2000): 701-707.
Swartz, James A., Jim Baumohl, and Arthur J. Lurigio. “Termination of Supplemental Security Income Benefits for Drug Addiction and Alcoholism: Research of a Longitudinal Study of the Effects on Former Beneficiaries.” Social Service Review 78, 1 (March 2004): 96-124.
Swartz, James A., Kevin M. Campbell, Jim Baumohl, and Peggy Tonkin. “Drug Treatment Participation and Retention Rates among Former Recipients of Supplemental Security Income for Drug Addiction and Alcoholism.” Contemporary Drug Problems 30, 1-2 (Spring/Summer 2003): 335-364.
Swartz, James A., Peggy Tonkin, and Jim Baumohl. “The Methodology of the Multi-Site Study of the Ter­mination of Supplemental Security Income Benefits for Drug Addicts and Alcoholics.” Contemporary Drug Problems 30, 1-2 (Spring/Summer 2003): 77-121.
Swartz, James A., Zoran Martinovich, and Paul Goldstein. “An Analysis of the Criminogenic Effects of Terminating the Supplemental Security Income Impairment Category for Drug Addiction and Alcohol­ism.” Contemporary Drug Problems 30, 1-2 (Spring/Summer 2003): 391-424.
Sweeney, Eileen P. and Shawn Fremstad. Supplemental Security Income: Supporting People with Disabili­ties and the Elderly Poor. Washington, DC: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, August 2005.
Szymendera, Scott. Potential Effect of Marriage on Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Eligibility and Benefits. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. RL33675, January 2008.
________. Primer on Disability Benefits: Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI). Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. RL32279, January 2008.
________. Supplemental Security Income (SSI): Accounts Not Counted as Resources. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. RS22512, May 2007.
Szymendera, Scott. Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI): Proposed Changes to the Disability Determination and Appeals Processes. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. RL33179, April 2006.
________. Social Security Administration: Suspension of Benefits for Fugitive Felons. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. RS22355, December 2005.
Szymendera, Scott and Carol D. Davis. Supplemental Security Income (SSI): Benefit Changes for Califor­nia Residents, 2006 and 2007. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. RS22365, January 2006.
Thornton, Craig, Gina Livermore, David Stapleton, John Kregel, Tim Silva, Bonnie O’Day, Thomas Fraker, W. Grant Revell, Jr., Heather Schroeder, and Meredith Edwards. Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program: Initial Evaluation Report. Report prepared under contract to the Office of Disability and Income Security Programs, Social Security Administration, February 2004.
Thornton, Craig, Gina Livermore, Thomas Fraker, David Stapleton, Bonnie O’Day, David Wittenburg, Robert Weathers, Nanette Goodman, Tim Silva, Emily Sama Martin, Jesse Gregory, Debra Wright, and Arif Mamun. Evaluation of the Ticket to Work: Program Assessment of Post-Rollout Implementation and Early Impacts. Report prepared under contract to the Office of Disability and Income Security Programs, Social Security Administration, May 2007.
Thornton, Craig, Thomas Fraker, Gina Livermore, David Stapleton, Bonnie O’Day, Tim Silva, Emily Sama Martin, John Kregel, and Debra Wright. Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program: Implementation Experience During the Second Two Years of Operation (2003-2004). Report prepared under contract to the Office of Disability and Income Security Programs, Social Security Administration, January 2006.
U.S. General Accounting Office. Supplemental Security Income: Sustained Management Attention Needed to Address Residency Violations. Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Human Resources, Committee on Ways and Means. U.S. House of Representatives. GAO-04-789T, 2004.
________. Supplemental Security Income: SSA Could Enhance Its Ability to Detect Residency Violations. Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Human Resources, Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives. GAO-03-724, 2003.
________. Supplemental Security Income: Progress Made in Detecting and Recovering Overpayments, but Management Attention Should Continue. Report to the Commissioner of Social Security. GAO-02-849, 2002.
________. Social Security Administration: Agency Must Position Itself Now to Meet Profound Challenges. Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Social Security, Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives. GAO-02-289T, 2002.
________. Major Management Challenges and Program Risks: Social Security Administration. GAO-01-261, 2001.
________. SSI Disability: Other Programs May Provide Lessons for Improving Return-to-Work Efforts. Report to Congressional Requesters. GAO-01-153, 2001.
U.S. General Accounting Office. Social Security Reform: Potential Effects on SSA’s Disability Programs and Beneficiaries. Report to the Ranking Member, Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies, Committee on Appropriations. GAO-01-35, 2001.
________. Supplemental Security Income: Incentive Payments Have Reduced Benefit Overpayments to Prisoners. GAO/HEHS-00-2, 1999.
________. Supplemental Security Income: Additional Actions Needed to Reduce Program Vulnerability to Fraud and Abuse. Report to the Honorable Henry Waxman, Ranking Minority Member, Committee on Government Reform, U.S. House of Representatives. GAO/HEHS-99-151, 1999.
________. Supplemental Security Income: Progress Made in Implementing Welfare Reform ChangesMore Action Needed. Report to the Committee on Finance, U.S. Senate, and the Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives. GAO/HEHS-99-103, 1999.
________. SSI Children: Multiple Factors Affect Families’ Costs for Disability-Related Services. Report to Congressional Committees. GAO/HEHS-99-99, 1999.
________. Supplemental Security Income: Long-Standing Issues Require More Active Management and Program Oversight. Statement of Cynthia M. Fagnoni, Director, Income Security Issues, Health, Educa­tion, and Human Services Division, Before the Subcommittee on Human Resources, Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives. GAO/T-HEHS-99-51, 1999.
________. Supplemental Security Income: Increased Receipt and Reporting of Child Support Could Reduce Payments. Report to the Committees on Finance, U.S. Senate, and Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives. GAO/HEHS-99-11, 1999.
U.S. Government Accountability Office. SSA Disability Representatives: Fee Payment Changes Show Promise, but Eligibility Criteria and Representative Overpayments Require Further Monitoring. Report to Congressional Committees. GAO-08-5, 2007.
________. TANF and SSI: Opportunities Exist to Help People with Impairments Become More Self-Suffi­cient. Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Human Resources, Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives. GAO-04-878, 2004.
U.S. Social Security Administration. Trends in the Social Security and Supplemental Security Income Dis­ability Programs. SSA Publication No. 13-11831, Office of Policy, Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics, August 2006.
________. Simplifying the Supplemental Security Income Program: Challenges and Opportunities. SSA Pub. No. 13-005, Office of Policy, December 2000.
________. The SSI Program at the Millennium. SSA Pub. No. 62-003, Office of Policy, November 2000.
________. Social Security Administration’s Report on Supplemental Security Income: Income and Resource Exclusions and Disability Insurance Earnings-Related Provisions. Report to the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives and to the President of the U.S. Senate, March 2000.
________. Annual Statistical Supplement to the Social Security Bulletin. SSA Pub. No. 13-11700, Annual Publication of the Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics.
U.S. Social Security Administration. SSI Annual Statistical Report. SSA Pub. No. 13-11827, Annual Pub­lication of the Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics.
________. SSI Recipients by State and County. SSA Pub. No. 13-11976, Annual Publication of the Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics.
________. State Assistance Programs for SSI Recipients. SSA Pub. No. 13-11975, Annual Publication of the Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics.
Van Hook, Jennifer V. “SSI Eligibility and Participation Among Elderly Naturalized Citizens and Nonciti­zens.” Social Science Research 29, 1 (March 2000): 51-69.
Van Hook, Jennifer V. and Frank D. Bean. “The Growth in Noncitizen SSI Caseloads 1979-1996: Aging Versus New Immigrant Effects.” Journals of Gerontology Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 54, 1 (January 1999): S16-S23.
Wamhoff, Steve and Michael Wiseman. “The TANF/SSI Connection.” Social Security Bulletin 66, 4 (2005/2006): 21-36.
Watkins, Katherine E., Deborah Podus, and Emilia Lombardi. “The Health and Mental Health of Disabled Substance Abusers.” Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research 28, 2 (May 2001): 205-211.
Watkins, Katherine E., Deborah Podus, Emilia Lombardi, and Audrey Burnam. “Changes in Mental Health and Service Use After Termination of SSI Benefits.” Psychiatric Services: A Journal of the Ameri­can Psychiatric Association 52, 9 (September 2001):1210-1215.
Weathers, Robert R. II., Gerard Walter, Sara Schley, John Hennessey, Jeffrey Hemmeter, and Richard V. Burkhauser. “How Postsecondary Education Improves Adult Outcomes for Supplemental Security Income Children with Severe Hearing Impairments.” Social Security Bulletin 67, 2 (2007): 101-131.
Weiner, Barbara. “Protecting SSI Benefits for Elderly and Disabled Refugees.” Human Rights: Journal of the Section of Individual Rights & Responsibilities 31, 2 (Spring 2004): 11-12.
Wentworth, Seyda G. and David Pattison. “Income Growth and Future Poverty Rates of the Aged.” Social Security Bulletin 64, 3 (2001-2002): 23-37.
Wheeler, Peter M., John R. Kearney, and Carolyn A. Harrison. “The U.S. Study of Work Incapacity and Reintegration.” Social Security Bulletin 64, 1 (2001/2002): 32-44.
Wilschke, Susan. How many SSI Recipients Live with other Recipients? Policy Brief No. 2004-03. Wash­ington, DC: Office of Disability and Income Assistance Policy, Office of Policy, Social Security Adminis­tration, June 2004.
________. “Improving Child Support Enforcement for Children Receiving SSI.” Social Security Bulletin 64, 1 (2001/2002): 16-26.
Wilschke, Susan and Richard Balkus. Child Support Payments and the SSI Program. Policy Brief No. 2004-02. Washington, DC: Office of Disability and Income Assistance Policy, Office of Policy, Social Security Administration, February 2004.
Wittenburg, David. A Health-Conscious Safety Net? Health Problems and Program Use among Low-Income Adults with Disabilities. New Federalism: National Survey of America’s Families No. B-62. Washington, DC: Urban Institute, September 2004. Available at www.urban.org/url.cfm?ID=311065.
Wittenburg, David and Melissa Favreault. Safety Net or Tangled Web? An Overview of Programs and Ser­vices for Adults with Disabilities. Assessing the New Federalism, Occasional Paper Number 68. Washing­ton, DC: Urban Institute. November 2003.
Wittenburg, David and Pamela J. Loprest. “Early Transition Experiences of Transition-Age Child SSI Recipients: New Evidence from the National Survey of Children and Families.” Journal of Disability Pol­icy Studies 18, 3 (2007): 176-187.
________. “Policy Options for Assisting Child SSI Recipients in Transition.” Prepared for the Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Advisory Panel. Washington, DC: Urban Institute. October 2003. Available at www.urban.org/url.cfm?ID=410872.
Wittenberg, David and Sandi Nelson. A Guide to Disability Statistics from the Survey of Income and Pro­gram Participation. Washington, DC: Urban Institute. February 2006.
Wittenburg, David, David Stapleton, Adam Tucker, and Rick Harwood. “An Assessment of the Represen­tativeness of the SSI DA&A Study Panels.” Contemporary Drug Problems 30, 1-2 (Spring/Summer 2003): 123-136.
 

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