2020 Annual Report of the SSI Program

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D. Federal SSI Payments as a Percentage of Gross Domestic Product
Displaying Federal SSI payments as a percentage of GDP provides a useful perspective on the cost of SSI payments relative to the total output of the U.S. economy. As table IV.D1 and figure IV.D1 show, after remaining relatively constant between 1993 and 2013, the total cost of the SSI program relative to GDP has been declining steadily in the historical period and is projected to continue to decline throughout the projection period.
Total Federal SSI payments during the 1980s were relatively constant as a percentage of GDP (roughly 0.2 percent). During the early 1990s, SSI grew rather rapidly (to 0.33 percent of GDP in 1996) due to a combination of factors (see section IV.B). Following legislation enacted in 19961, the cost of SSI decreased as a percentage of GDP beginning in 1997 and continued to decline through 2000. Federal SSI expenditures as a share of GDP increased slightly after 2000, partly because of a slowdown in economic growth over that period, but resumed its very gradual downward trend from 2003 to 2006 due to relatively slower growth in the number of SSI recipients. Beginning in 2007, however, this trend reversed due to an increase in program recipients and a temporary decline in real GDP during the economic recession that began in that year. In 2013, Federal SSI payments relative to GDP remained at roughly the same level as in 2012, and decreased in 2014 through 2019. This gradual downward trend is projected to continue due to the net effect of two factors. First, Federal SSI expenditures, after adjusting for growth in prices, are projected to grow roughly in line with the SSI recipient population (see section IV.C). Second, using the 2020 OASDI Trustees Report intermediate assumptions, the effect of the real growth in GDP following the 2007 economic recession is projected to be greater than the effect of projected increases in SSI recipients. Accordingly, Federal SSI payments are projected to decline as a percentage of GDP throughout the projection period, until it reaches 0.18 percent of GDP by 2044.
 
 
GDP  a
(In billions)

a
Projected values in current dollars based on the intermediate economic assumptions of the 2020 OASDI Trustees Report.

Notes: 
1. Totals do not necessarily equal the sums of rounded components. Historical GDP amounts subject to revision.
2. A complete table of historical and projected values is available at www.ssa.gov/OACT/ssir/SSI20.

1
Public Law 104-121 and Public Law 104-193.


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