2014 Annual Report of the SSI Program

Table of Contents Previous Next Tables Figures


G. Research on Related Topics
The legislative mandate for this report requires inclusion of information about relevant research on the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program by the Social Security Administration (SSA) and others. Section 1 of this appendix describes SSA’s major ongoing projects. Section 2 presents a bibliography of studies regarding SSI payment levels, recipients, and reform proposals published in the past 10 years by both public and private entities.
1. Ongoing Research
a. SSI Policy Simulations
Using Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) data matched to administrative records, SSA researchers have developed a model of financial eligibility for SSI to estimate the rate of participation among the eligible elderly and the effects of various options to modify the SSI program (see Davies et al. 2001/2002). The model suggests that the rate of participation among the eligible elderly was about 62 percent in 1991. The comparable participation rate estimate at the end of 1996 was also 62 percent. An updated version of the model uses the 2008 SIPP matched to administrative records.
We used the model to simulate the potential effects of several approaches to expand the SSI program to fight poverty among the elderly. Approaches focusing on incremental changes in the Federal benefit rate, the general income exclusion, and the resources test appear roughly equally effective in reducing the poverty gap among the elderly on a cost-equivalent basis, while two approaches focusing on relaxing the earned income exclusion are less effective (Davies, Rupp, and Strand 2004). We expanded the model to address SSI participation and financial eligibility among the working-age disabled and to assess SSI benefit restructuring options for the entire SSI population. The working-age model allows for the identification of working-age persons by their SSI financial eligibility status, Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) insured status, and participation in both programs. We used the expanded model to assess SSI’s role in complementing SSDI and enhancing the safety net for the working-age population (Rupp, Davies, and Strand 2008). We simulated the effects of several approaches to changing in-kind support and maintenance rules and options for altering the calculation of the Federal benefit rate for certain living arrangement categories (Balkus et al. 2009). We also studied eligibility for Medicare buy-in programs with the financial eligibility model (see Rupp and Sears 2000; Sears 2001/2002). In unpublished internal research, we used the model to estimate the size of the population potentially eligible for the Medicare Part D low income subsidy.
b. National Survey of SSI Children and Families
The National Survey of SSI Children and Families (NSCF) addressed a number of agency policy and program objectives. One objective was to address issues specifically pertaining to the effects of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (welfare reform). However, the survey as designed is useful for the study of a broader range of issues of current interest to policy makers. Most importantly, it allows for the analysis of a nationally representative cross-section of SSI recipient children aged 0-17 and young adults aged 18-23. Among the questions the survey answers are the following:
The NSCF data collection began July 2001 and concluded June 2002. The NSCF sample size was considerably larger for SSI children and young adults than the sample size available in other surveys. Altogether, the NSCF includes 8,535 completed interviews with 5,006 individuals who received SSI benefits in December 2000 and 5,033 who received SSI benefits in December 1996. The NSCF public-use data file and documentation is available on our website at www.socialsecurity.gov/disabilityresearch/nscf.htm. Davies and Rupp (2005/2006) provides an overview of the survey and describes some key features. We discuss other analyses using these data in section c, Analytic Studies, below. Although it was a cross-sectional data collection effort, we continue to update the match between NSCF and SSI administrative records with longitudinal data on SSI program participation.
c. Analytic Studies
A number of studies by SSA researchers provide a better understanding of the SSI program, the elderly and disabled target populations, program interactions, and the role of the SSI program in the United States social safety net. Nicholas (2013) as well as Koenig and Rupp (2003/2004) estimate the prevalence, characteristics, and poverty status of SSI recipients living with others on SSI (who are not an eligible spouse) in the context of their individual, family and household units. In 2003 and again in 2005, SSA provided funding for interviewing supplemental samples of SSI and SSDI beneficiaries to increase the SIPP sample size available for analyses of these target groups. DeCesaro and Hemmeter (2008) examines the characteristics of SSDI and SSI program participants using the 2003 supplemental sample combined with the 2001 SIPP, both matched to administrative records. Bailey and Hemmeter (2014) updated this research note using the 2008 SIPP matched to 2010 administrative records to examine the characteristics of SSDI and SSI program participants. Rupp and Davies (2004) tracks survey respondents from the 1984 SIPP for 14 years using administrative records on SSI and SSDI participation and death events to assess the relationship between self-reported health status, disabilities, mortality, and participation in the SSI and SSDI programs. Weathers et al. (2007) uses a unique longitudinal dataset based on administrative data from the National Technical Institute for the Deaf (NTID) linked to our administrative records to conduct a case study of SSI children who applied for postsecondary education at NTID. Another study uses our administrative records from August 2005 through August 2007 to analyze SSI recipients who lived in counties and parishes affected by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita (Davies and Hemmeter 2010). Hemmeter (2009) examines the occupational distribution of SSI disability recipients aged 18-61 who work. Hemmeter and Gilby (2009) analyzes age-18 redetermination outcomes for SSI youth, including appeals of initial cessations and subsequent reapplications for benefits after a period of ineligibility, while Hemmeter (2012) looks at changes in diagnostic codes following the age-18 redetermination. Another research study examines the subsequent participation in the SSDI and SSI programs by individuals whose eligibility for those programs ceased through a continuing disability review because of medical improvements (Hemmeter and Stegman 2013). Rupp (2012) analyzes factors affecting initial disability allowance rates for the SSDI and SSI programs and finds that demographic and diagnostic characteristics of applicants and the local unemployment rate substantially affect the initial allowance rate.
Using data from the Current Population Survey matched to our administrative records, Nicholas and Wiseman (2009 and 2010) assess the impact of using administrative records on poverty estimation among elderly SSI recipients using the official and alternative definitions of poverty. Wiseman and Ycas (2008) compares the Canadian social assistance program for the elderly with the SSI program, looking at program structure, cost, and consequences for elderly poverty rates. Kemp (2010) conducts a descriptive analysis of the SSI student earned income exclusion. One ongoing study is examining the growth in SSI applications and awards among children. Another ongoing study is looking at SSI children by year of award and age at award and analyzing transitions (e.g., onto SSDI, off SSDI and SSI, mortality) as they age into adulthood. Parent, Sayman and Kulzer (2012) provides a comprehensive profile of the characteristics of disability beneficiaries with a connection to workers’ compensation or public disability benefits. Parent et al. (2012) found that 8.3 percent of disabled workers who have this connection tend to be economically better off, more frequently middle-aged, male, afflicted with a musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorder, and tend to wait longer to apply for SSDI benefits after onset than the general disabled-worker population.
Several studies focus on the distributional effects of the SSI program through its interactions with other Federal and State programs. Dushi and Rupp (2013) uses longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study to assess the role of SSI and related social safety net programs in providing a buffer against the potentially adverse effects of disability shocks in the near-elderly population on financial well-being. Rupp et al. (2007) provides an empirical analysis of the SSI Federal benefit rate for assessing benefit adequacy among elderly Social Security beneficiaries and the effectiveness of the SSI benefit eligibility screens for targeting economically vulnerable elderly beneficiaries. Balkus et al. (2009) examines the distributional effects of replacing current policies on living arrangements and in-kind support with a simpler, cost neutral alternative. Strand and Rupp (2007) highlights the distributional implications of Social Security reform scenarios involving a potential shift from wage indexing to price indexing or longevity indexing in the establishment of initial benefits. Strand (2010) uses matched SIPP records to examine potential eligibility for three major means-tested programs (SSI, Medicaid, and Food Stamp) among near retirees aged 55-64 and eventual SSI participation upon reaching age 65. Rupp, Davies, and Strand (2008) finds that over one-third of the working-age population is covered by SSI in the event of a severe disability, which provides disability benefit coverage to many who are not SSDI-insured and enhances the potential bundle of disability cash benefits among a substantial segment of those who are SSDI-insured.
Ongoing work and previously published papers by Rupp and Riley are based on a linkage of individual-level administrative data from SSA and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. First, Rupp and Riley (2011) analyzes longitudinal patterns of interaction between SSDI and SSI and finds that one quarter of the year 2000 cohort of first-ever, working-age disability awardees received benefits from both programs over a 60-month period. A second paper (Rupp and Riley 2012) analyzes the effect of longitudinal interactions between the SSDI and SSI programs in providing access to Medicare and Medicaid, and finds that SSI facilitates high levels of Medicaid coverage for SSI awardees overall and provides access to Medicaid for many SSDI awardees during the 24-month Medicare waiting period. A third paper (Riley and Rupp, 2012) tracks expenditures for 2000-2006 for the SSDI, SSI, Medicare, and Medicaid programs and finds that SSI is a relatively low-expenditure program with important implications for the other three programs. The authors conclude that SSI and Medicaid provide a temporary safety net supporting SSDI beneficiaries during their SSDI and Medicare waiting periods. Ongoing work by the authors focuses on estimated cumulative expenditure patterns over the working-age adult portion of the life cycle for the year 2000 awardees for the four programs (SSDI, SSI, Medicare, and Medicaid). An additional piece of ongoing analysis focuses on the effect of State variations in Medicaid enrollment policy and implementation regimes on Medicaid coverage and expenditures. The three State policy regimes compared include: (1) automatic enrollment of SSI awardees; (2) requiring a separate Medicaid application in “Criteria States”; and (3) more restrictive Medicaid eligibility requirements in “209B States.” Coe and Rupp (2013) analyzes whether disability benefit recipients (SSDI and SSI) in States with easier access to health insurance will be more likely to work and exit from SSDI and/or SSI than their peers in States where health insurance is more difficult to access.
Wamhoff and Wiseman (2005/2006) examines the financial consequences of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)-to-SSI transfers and develops new estimates of both the prevalence of receipt of SSI benefits among families receiving cash assistance from TANF and the proportion of new SSI awards that go to adults and children residing in families receiving TANF-related benefits. Trenkamp and Wiseman (2007) addresses the connections between the SSI and Food Stamp programs. Meijer, Karoly, and Michaud (2009, 2010) analyzes eligibility for the Medicare Part D Low Income Subsidy, which relies on a simplified SSI methodology.
A number of studies utilize the NSCF to focus on children and young adults receiving SSI. Rupp et al. (2005/2006) presents highlights from the survey characterizing SSI children with disabilities and their families. Hemmeter (2011) analyzes the unmet health care needs of SSI children after the age-18 redetermination. Additional research studies employment and caregiving patterns of parents of SSI children (Rupp and Ressler 2009), examines employment and program outcomes among young adults after their eligibility redetermination at age 18 (Hemmeter, Kauff, and Wittenburg 2009), and analyzes factors affecting out-of-pocket medical expenses and unmet health care needs of disabled children (DeCesaro and Hemmeter 2009). These papers appear in a special issue of the Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation (volume 30, number 3, 2009) devoted to SSI children and young adults and the transition to adulthood. The special issue also includes a paper that introduces the issue and examines the life-cycle human capital development and longer-term SSI and earnings outcomes of SSI youth as they transition to adulthood (Davies, Rupp, and Wittenburg 2009), as well as two papers that focus on SSA’s Youth Transition Demonstration (YTD) (Fraker and Rangarajan 2009; Luecking and Wittenburg 2009). The articles from the special issue are available on SSA’s web site at www.socialsecurity.gov/policy/JVR.html. Camacho and Hemmeter (2013) summarize the findings from two earlier YTD projects.
d. Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program
The Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act of 1999 required the Commissioner of Social Security to provide independent evaluations to assess the effectiveness of the Ticket to Work program. We conducted all Ticket to Work evaluation reports through an independent evaluation contractor, Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. Our contractor has completed the evaluation of the Ticket to Work program. There are seven Ticket to Work evaluation reports in all, and all reports are available on SSA’s website at www.socialsecurity.gov/disabilityresearch/twe_reports.htm.
The findings through the fourth report indicated that, while the program may have significant potential, we need to improve both beneficiary awareness of the program and employment network (EN) incentives. Partly in response to these findings, we implemented new regulations for the Ticket to Work program in July 2008 to improve EN and beneficiary participation and outcomes. The fifth and sixth reports consist of studies focused on the employment efforts of working-age SSI recipients and SSDI beneficiaries, and on the Social Security work incentives and supports designed to encourage their employment. The seventh (final) report focused primarily on the overall success of the Ticket to Work program and on the effect of the changes to the Ticket to Work regulations in 2008.
Overall, the Ticket to Work evaluation finds that beneficiaries who use Ticket to Work generally like the program, that the program has increased use of return-to-work services, and those who participate in Ticket to Work have better outcomes than those who return to work without the help of SSA-financed employment services. However, we also find that the increase in service use and better outcomes by participants has not translated into net increases in benefit suspension or termination for work or an increase in the number of months spent in suspension or termination for work. This suggests that Ticket to Work has primarily extended the types of services that were available under the program that preceded Ticket to Work, where services were offered only though State vocational rehabilitation agencies, and has achieved the same level of success as before Ticket to Work. More beneficiaries are getting these services now, but the success rate has not measurably changed.
The Ticket to Work evaluation has also produced two by-products that will continue beyond the end of our specific evaluation efforts for the Ticket to Work program. One of the foundations of the evaluation was an annual research file, the Disability Analysis File (DAF), previously called the Ticket Research File, which contains the agency's disparate administrative data resources for all beneficiaries age 10 to full retirement age who have received disability cash benefits from the SSI; Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI); or both programs since 1996. We initially produced the DAF to support the Ticket to Work evaluation, and researchers now use it for a wide array of disability-related research.
A second foundation of the Ticket to Work evaluation was the National Beneficiary Survey (NBS). In the NBS, we collected information that is not available from our administrative records from a representative sample of SSI and OASDI disability beneficiaries. Key items of interest in the NBS include work attitudes and work-related activities, health and functional status, education, access to health insurance, household composition, and sources of income. We implemented the first four rounds between 2004 and 2010, with a particular focus on participation in the Ticket to Work program. We will conduct three additional rounds in 2015, 2017, and 2019 with a broader focus on all SSA beneficiaries who work.
Other researchers and policy analysts within SSA and at other Federal agencies and academic institutions use the DAF and the NBS for general disability research and analysis not limited to Ticket to Work program participants. Examples of these papers include: interactions between SSDI and SSI for new beneficiaries with disabilities (Rupp and Riley 2011); the differences in employment outcomes between young participants (ages 18 to 30) with psychiatric disabilities versus young participants with other disabilities (Schimmel, Liu, and Croake 2012); the impact of workplace injuries on receipt of SSDI benefits (O'Leary et al. 2012); and work activities and employment outcomes for our beneficiaries with disabilities in seven articles in a special issue of the Social Security Bulletin (volume 71, number 3, 2011).
e. Homeless Outreach Projects and Evaluation
In 2004, through the Homeless Outreach Project (HOPE), we awarded funds to 41 service providers nationwide to provide outreach services to people who are homeless. We trained these service providers so they could help individuals who are homeless with our disability application process. In October 2007, Westat, the evaluation contractor, released the final evaluation report. We are currently conducting a longitudinal evaluation of HOPE. Findings from this analysis will be available in 2014.
f. Youth Transition Demonstration
The YTD established partnerships to improve employment outcomes for youths age 14-25 who receive (or could receive) SSI or OASDI payments based on their own disability. The YTD projects included ser­vice delivery systems and a broad array of services and supports to assist youth with disabilities in their transition from school to employment and to help them gain economic self-sufficiency.
YTD began in 2003, with seven projects in six States. In 2007, we piloted new projects in five States, choosing three new projects in Florida, Maryland, and West Virginia. These three projects joined three (Colorado; Bronx County, New York; and Erie County, New York) of the original seven projects in a random assignment study. This study will produce the first evaluation of the empirical evidence of the effects of youth transition programs and modified SSI work incentives.
The modified SSI program rules that we tested under the YTD included five program waivers.
The YTD projects in Colorado and New York ended in 2010. The Florida, Maryland, and West Virginia projects ended in 2012. We have released the 12-month, post-random-assignment reports for all the sites to the public. We published a 24-month, post-random-assignment report covering all the sites in the February 2014 edition of the Social Security Bulletin (Hemmeter 2014). A comprehensive final report of the six random assignment projects is due in August 2014.
While it is too early to determine the final outcomes of YTD, preliminary results show some promise of increased earnings and employment. Florida and West Virginia show positive impacts on paid employment during the year after participants entered the evaluation. In Florida, 23 percent of participants in the program group worked for pay during that year, compared with just 13 percent of control group members. In West Virginia, 43 percent of program group members worked for pay, compared with 24 percent of control group members.
The Florida, West Virginia, and Bronx, New York YTD programs had positive effects on participant income. Program group members in Florida earned an average of $895 during the year after they entered the evaluation, which was $306 more than control group members earned, a difference of about 52 percent. Participants in the West Virginia program group earned an average of $1,559 in the year after they entered the evaluation, which was just over 50 percent more than the $1,035 earned by control group members.
Several youths took advantage of the modified program rules (listed in bullets above); however, these were generally limited to the rules that were automatically applied if a youth worked ($3-for-$4 earned income exclusion) or participated in the project. Given the patterns of use, program waivers are unlikely to be a significant factor in the return-to-work effort for youth.
Our findings from YTD influenced the development of Promoting Readiness of Minors in SSI
(PROMISE) project, a joint initiative of SSA and the Departments of Education, Health and Human Services, and Labor that funds model demonstration projects in several States to promote positive outcomes for children with disabilities who receive SSI and their families (described in section j).
g. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families/Supplemental Security Income Disability Transition Project
Both welfare agencies and the SSI program seek to support low-income people with disabilities and help them become more independent. However, the two systems often have differing missions and organization, definitions of disability, operational and financial issues, and work rules and incentives, making it challenging for the TANF and SSI programs to work together. TANF clients who apply for SSI may confront conflicting messages from TANF agencies regarding work requirements and benefit eligibility. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) and Social Security Advisory Board recommended that we work with the Administration for Children and Families (ACF) to address serious concerns in Congress among stakeholders that the TANF and SSI lacked the coordination necessary to serve the public effectively and efficiently.
In response to these concerns and to improve our understanding of the relationship between the TANF and SSI populations and programs, our Office of Research, Demonstration, and Employment Support and ACF launched the TANF-SSI Disability Transition Project in October 2008. Working with ACF, TANF agencies in California, Florida, Michigan, Minnesota, and New York, select counties in these States, and the evaluation firm MDRC, we analyzed program data and examined State and county program coordination, and pilot-testing program innovations for TANF clients with disabilities. SSA, ACF, TANF agencies, and low-income individuals with disabilities and their families would benefit from more effective and efficient services—moving toward employment when possible, making informed decisions about applying for SSI, receiving SSI as quickly as possible if eligible, and reducing administrative costs.
Our analysis of merged TANF and SSI administrative data and field assessments in seven sites identified the following:
We pilot-tested programmatic innovations in three States, revealing two main findings:
On December 31, 2013, the project concluded with final reports on data analysis, program coordination, pilot test observations, and options for a larger demonstration project that builds on these findings (Barden 2013, Farrell 2013, Farrell et al. 2013, Farrell and Walter 2013, Pardoe 2013, Skemer and Bayes 2013).
h. Occupational Information System
To determine whether disability applicants qualify for benefits, our adjudicators follow a sequential five-step evaluation process. At steps four and five, we require information about work in the national economy to determine whether claimants' impairment-related limitations would prevent them from working. The majority of our claims are decided at steps four and five. Currently, we base these medical-vocational decisions on the occupational information found in the Department of Labor's (DOL) Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) and its companion volume, the Selected Characteristics of Occupations. Although DOL did not design the DOT for our use, we adapted our disability program to it by incorporating many of its concepts and definitions into our regulations and policy. DOL, however, stopped updating the DOT in 1991 and replaced it with the Occupational Information Network (O*NET), which we are not able to use in our disability adjudication process without significant modifications. Neither the outdated DOT nor O*NET can effectively and efficiently meet our disability adjudication needs. We also could not identify any other existing Occupational Information System (OIS) that would meet our unique needs.
In July 2012, we signed an interagency agreement with the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) to test the feasibility of using the National Compensation Survey (NCS) platform to collect updated occupational information similar to what our adjudicators currently use. We approached the BLS because the field economists working on the NCS were already collecting information about occupations that was conceptually close to what we need. Under our agreement, the BLS will collect information about the physical, skill, and mental/cognitive requirements of occupations as well as the environmental factors to which workers are exposed. This information will support our current disability policy and will provide us with data about work in the current economy to inform future policy. Initially BLS will aggregate occupational data using the O*NET classification system.
We signed additional agreements with the BLS for fiscal years 2013 and 2014 to continue testing. In fiscal year 2013, the BLS conducted data collection testing in three phases. After each test phase, the BLS reported results to us, and we worked together to improve the survey and protocols. We expect to continue testing in fiscal year 2014 to resolve outstanding issues identified in fiscal year 2013 and to test collecting new data elements that describe the mental demands of occupations. The BLS will conclude fiscal year 2014 testing by performing a large-scale preproduction data collection test that will end in fiscal year 2015. The BLS will design a sampling plan and we will need to develop a plan for updating our occupation descriptions.
In 2013, we met periodically with DOL's Employment and Training Administration (ETA) to discuss whether it is possible to incorporate elements of O*NET with the data collected by the BLS for use in our OIS. We have discussed the possibility of using the O*NET Internet portal to house our OIS, and ETA staff have helped us understand the options available to us for funding our information technology platform. During fiscal year 2014 we will explore these options in depth, and in fiscal year 2015 we will begin developing the web-based platform to house the OIS. We will continue working with ETA during the coming year.
i. Homeless with Schizophrenia Presumptive Disability Pilot Demonstration
The goal of the Homeless with Schizophrenia Presumptive Disability (HSPD) Pilot Demonstration is to improve the economic well-being of adult SSI applicants who are both homeless and diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. We partnered with clinicians and case managers in California from the Health Services Agencies of San Francisco and Santa Cruz counties, the Department of Public Health of the City of San Francisco, and the Department of Mental Health of Los Angeles County, who are actively assisting their clients to navigate the SSI application process and have established relationships with patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder who are also homeless. There are two main features of the project: (1) the SSI application assistance; and (2) the use of presumptive disability (PD). The clinicians and case managers assist these individuals with gathering supporting medical evidence, coordinating medical appointments, and submitting the SSI application. Along with the SSI application, a Presumptive Disability Recommendation Form, created for this pilot demonstration, is also submitted. Clinicians from the community agencies certify that the applicant meets the SSA criteria for a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. To provide economic relief to the applicant while we process the application, we pay up to 6 months of SSI payments to the applicant based on PD. Applicants are not required to pay back these payments if we ultimately deny their applications, as long as we did not deny the applications for non-medical reasons; therefore, there must be a high degree of probability that the applicant is disabled when we confer PD SSI payments. Our field offices generally make PD findings only for specific disability categories, which do not include schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.
Project implementation began in April 2012, with a goal of recruiting at least 200 participants. We met this enrollment goal and completed the implementation phase in April 2014. The community partners identified 259 individuals to assist through the SSI application process. As of May 5, 2014, we approved 237 of these applicants, denied 7, and 15 are pending. We are subsequently moving to the evaluation phase of the demonstration.
In our evaluation, we will examine whether the program improves the administration of the SSI application and determination process. The evaluation is based on a quasi-experimental design, in which we will compare outcomes for applicants who receive assistance and PD payments with applicants from a previous period and applicants in surrounding areas. Within this framework, we plan to examine differences in initial allowance rates, appeals, failure-to-cooperate denials, processing times, total payments, exits from SSI, mortality, and the need for consultative exams. We expect to complete the evaluation by December 2014.
j. Promoting Readiness of Minors in SSI
PROMISE is a joint project between SSA and the Departments of Education (ED), Labor, and Health and Human Services. The goals of the project are to improve the provision and coordination of services and supports for children with disabilities who receive SSI and their families in order to achieve improved education and employment outcomes. The targeted outcomes include completing postsecondary education and job training to obtain competitive employment in an integrated setting that may result in long-term reductions in the child recipient's reliance on SSI. In 2013, ED funded model demonstration projects in five individual States (Arkansas, California, Maryland, New York, and Wisconsin) and one consortium of States (Arizona, Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Utah) for 5 years. SSA is responsible for evaluating PROMISE.
Each PROMISE project will enroll 2,000 youths; youths ages 14-16 are eligible and will be randomly assigned to a treatment or control group within each project. Each PROMISE project will provide youths randomly assigned into the treatment group services including: case management; benefits counseling; career and work-based learnings experiences; and parent/guardian training and information. Youths randomly assigned to a control group will receive the services usually available in their communities.
The PROMISE evaluation will include process, impact, and cost-benefit analyses. Enrollment began in April 2014 and will continue through April 2016. Services will continue through late 2018. The first evaluation reports (on the process analyses and short-term impacts) will be available in late 2016. The final evaluation report (on the longer-term impacts and cost-benefit analyses) will be available in 2022.
2. Bibliography of Recent Publications
Altshuler, Norma, Sarah Prenovitz, Bonnie O’Day, and Gina Livermore. “Provider Experiences Under the Revised Ticket to Work Regulations.” Final Report: Mathematica Policy Research, 2011.
American Academy of Pediatrics. Council on Children with Disabilities. “Supplemental Security Income (SSI) for Children and Youth with Disabilities.” Pediatrics 124, 6 (December 2009): 1702-1709.
Aron, Laudan Y. and Pamela Loprest. Meeting the Needs of Children with Disabilities. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press, 2007.
Autor, David, Amitabh Chandra, and Mark Duggan. Public Health Expenditures on the Working Age Disabled: Assessing Medicare and Medicaid Utilization of SSDI and SSI Recipients. National Bureau of Economic Research SSA Project No. NB09-08, September 2011.
Bailey, Michelle Stegman and Jeffrey Hemmeter. Characteristics of Noninstitutionalized DI and SSI Program Participants, 2010 Update, Research and Statistics Note 2014-02, Social Security Administration, February 2014.
Balkus, Richard, L. Scott Muller, Mark Nadel, and Michael Wiseman. “The Challenge of Growth: Public Disability Benefits in the United States.” In Sick Societies? Trends in Disability Benefits in Post-Industrial Welfare States, edited by Peter A. Kemp, Annika Sunden, and Bernhard Bakker Tauritz. Geneva, Switzerland: International Social Security Association, 2006.
Balkus, Richard, James Sears, Susan Wilschke, and Bernard Wixon. “Simplifying the Supplemental Security Income Program: Options for Eliminating the Counting of In-Kind Support and Maintenance.” Social Security Bulletin 68, 4 (2009): 1-25.
Barden, Bret. Assessing and Serving TANF Recipients with Disabilities, OPRE Report 2013-56, Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation; Administration for Children and Families; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, December 2013.
Battaglia, Carol. “SSI and Medicaid Recipients Have a Responsibility to Report Changes that Can Affect Benefits.” Exceptional Parent 37, 2 (February 2007): 47-48.
Ben-Shalom, Yonatan, and David Stapleton. The Work Experiences of New SSI Beneficiaries: A Longitudinal Perspective. Center for Studying Disability Policy Issue Brief Number 12-06. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. November 2012.
Ben-Shalom, Yonatan, David Stapleton, Dawn Phelps, and Maura Bardos. Longitudinal Statistics for New Supplemental Security Income Beneficiaries. Final Report. Report prepared for the Social Security Administration, November 2012.
Berkowitz, Edward D. and Larry DeWitt. 2013. The Other Welfare: Supplemental Security Income and U.S. Social Policy. New York, NY: Cornell University Press, 2013.
Berry, Hugh G. and Leslie J. Caplan. “Employment and Earnings Growth Among Transition-Age Supplemental Security Income Program Participants.” Journal of Disability Policy Studies 21, 3 (December 2010): 152-159.
Berry, Hugh G., Michael Ward, and Leslie Caplan. “Self-Determination and Access to Postsecondary Education in Transitioning Youths Receiving Supplemental Security Income Benefits.” Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals 35, 2 (2012): 68-75.
Blyler, Crystal, Denise Hoffman, and Gina Livermore. Ticket to Work Participants: Then and Now. Center for Studying Disability Policy Issue Brief Number 13-02. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. May 2013.
Bond, Gary R, Haiyi Xie, and Robert E. Drake. “Can SSDI and SSI Beneficiaries with Mental Illness Benefit from Evidence-Based Supported Employment?” Psychiatric Services 58, 11 (November 2007): 1412-1420.
Burkhauser, Richard V. and Mary C. Daly. The Changing Role of Disabled Children Benefits. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Economic Letter 2013-25, September 3, 2013.
________. The Declining Work and Welfare of People with Disabilities: What Went Wrong and a Strategy for Change. Washington, DC: AEI Press, 2011.
________. The Returns to Work for Children Leaving the SSI-Disabled Children Program. Financial Literacy Center Working Paper No. WR-802-SSA, A Joint Center of the RAND Corporation, Dartmouth College and the Wharton School, October 2010.
________. Testing Education Tools to Demonstrate Returns to Work for Children Aging Out of the SSI-Disabled Children Program. Financial Literacy Center Working Paper No. WR-896-SSA, A Joint Center of the RAND Corporation, Dartmouth College and the Wharton School, November 2011.
Burkhauser, Richard V., Mary C. Daly, and Philip R. de Jong. Curing the Dutch Disease: Lessons for United States Disability Policy. Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper No. 2008-188, University of Michigan Retirement Research Center, September 2008.
________. The Role of Disability Transfer Programs on the Economic Well Being of Working-Age People with Disabilities. Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper No. UM08-Q2, University of Michigan Retirement Research Center, October 2008.
Burkhauser, Richard V., Mary C. Daly, Jeff Larrimore, and Joyce Kwok. The Transformation of Who is Expected to Work in the United States and How it Changed the Lives of Single Mothers and People with Disabilities. Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper No. 2008-187, University of Michigan Retirement Research Center, September 2008.
Camacho, Christa Bucks, and Jeffrey Hemmeter. “Linking Youth Transition Support Services: Results from Two Demonstration Projects.” Social Security Bulletin 73, 1 (2013): 59-71.
Chatterji, Pinka and Ellen Meara. Health and Labor Market Consequences of Eliminating Federal Disability Benefits for Substance Abusers. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 13407, September 2007.
Coe, Norma B. and Kalman Rupp. Does Access to Health Insurance Influence Work Effort Among Disability Cash Benefit Recipients. Center for Retirement Research Working Paper No. 2013-10, Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, April 2013.
Coe, Norma B. and Matthew S. Rutledge. What is the Long-Term Impact of Zebley on Adult and Child Outcomes? Center for Retirement Research Working Paper No. 2013-3, Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, January 2013.
Compton, Charles Michael. An Exploration of the Attitudes, Values and Beliefs of Young SSI/DI Beneficiaries At or Near the Completion of Postsecondary Education Regarding Self-Sustaining Employment. D.E. dissertation, San Diego State University, 2010.
Congressional Budget Office. 2012. Supplemental Security Income: An Overview. Washington, DC: CBO.
Croke, Erin E. and Ashleigh B. Thompson. “Person Centered Planning in a Transition Program for Bronx Youth with Disabilities.” Child and Youth Services Review 33 (2011): 810-819.
Davies, Paul S. and Jeffrey Hemmeter. “Supplemental Security Income Recipients Affected by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita: An Analysis of Two Years of Administrative Data,” Population and Environment – Special Issue on Demographic Dynamics and Natural Disasters: Learning from Katrina and Rita 31(1-3), (2010): 87-120.
Davies, Paul S., Minh Huynh, Chad Newcomb, Paul O’Leary, Kalman Rupp, and Jim Sears. “Modeling SSI Financial Eligibility and Simulating the Effect of Policy Options.” Social Security Bulletin 64, 2 (2001/2002): 16-45.
Davies, Paul S. and Kalman Rupp. “An Overview of the National Survey of SSI Children and Families and Related Products.” Social Security Bulletin 66, 2 (2005/2006): 7-20.
Davies, Paul S., Kalman Rupp, and Alexander Strand. “The Potential of the SSI Program to Fight Poverty Among the Elderly.” Journal of Aging and Social Policy 16, 1 (2004): 21-42.
Davies, Paul S., Kalman Rupp and David Wittenburg. “A Life-Cycle Perspective on the Transition to Adulthood Among Children Receiving Supplemental Security Income Payments.” Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation. 30, 3 (2009): 133-151.
DeCesaro, Anne and Jeffrey Hemmeter. Characteristics of Noninstitutionalized DI and SSI Program Participants. Research and Statistics Note No. 2008-02. Washington, DC: Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics, Office of Retirement and Disability Policy, Social Security Administration, January 2008.
________. “Unmet Health Care Needs and Medical Out-of-Pocket Expenses of SSI Children.” Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 30, 3 (2009): 177-199.
Dobkin, Carlos and Steven L. Puller. “The Effects of Government Transfers on Monthly Cycles in Drug Abuse, Hospitalization and Mortality.” Journal of Public Economics 91, 11-12 (December 2007): 2137-2157.
Duggan, Mark G. and Melissa Schettini Kearney. “The Impact of Child SSI Enrollment on Household Outcomes.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 26, 4 (Autumn 2007): 861-886.
________. The Impact of Child SSI Enrollment on Household Outcomes: Evidence from the Survey of Income and Program Participation. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 11568, August 2005.
Dushi, Irena and Kalman Rupp. “Disability Shocks Near Retirement Age and Financial Well-Being.” Social Security Bulletin, 73(3) (2013): 23-43.
Elder, Todd and Elizabeth Powers. “The Effect of Falling SSI Generosity on SSI Participation Among the Aged Since the 1970s.” Proceedings of the 98th Annual Conference on Taxation of the National Tax Association (2005): 400-406.
Elder, Todd and Elizabeth Powers. “The Incredible Shrinking Program: Trends in SSI Participation of the Aged.” Research on Aging 28, 3 (May 2006): 341-358.
________. A Longitudinal Analysis of Entries and Exits of the Low-Income Elderly to and from the Supplemental Security Income Program.  Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper No. 2007-156, University of Michigan Retirement Research Center, October 2007.
________. Public Health Insurance and SSI Program Participation Among the Aged. Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper No. 2006-117, University of Michigan Retirement Research Center, April 2006.
Erkulwater, Jennifer L. “The Other Welfare: Supplemental Security Income and U.S. Social Policy.” Journal of Children and Poverty 19, 2 (2013): 127-137.
Farrell, Mary. Connections between TANF and SSI: Lessons from the TANF/SSI Disability Transition Project, OPRE Report 2013-57, Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation; Administration for Children and Families; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, December 2013.
Farrell, Mary, Peter Baird, Bret Barden, Mike Fishman, and Rachel Pardoe. The TANF/SSI Disability Transition Project: Innovative Strategies for Serving TANF Recipients with Disabilities, OPRE Report 2013-51, Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation; Administration for Children and Families; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, December 2013.
Farrell, Mary and Johanna Walter. The Intersection of Welfare and Disability: Early Findings from the TANF/SSI Disability Transition Project, OPRE Report 2013-06, Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation; Administration for Children and Families; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, December 2013.
Fraker, Thomas. “The Youth Transition Demonstration: Interim Findings and Lessons for Program Participation.” Center for Studying Disability Policy Issue Brief Number 11-04. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., October 2011.
________. “The Youth Transition Demonstration: Lifting Employment Barriers for Youth with Disabilities.” Center for Studying Disability Policy Issue Brief Number 13-01. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., February 2013.
Fraker, Thomas, Peter Baird, Alison Black, Arif Mamun, Michelle Manno, John Martinez, Anu Rangarajan, and Debbie Reed. The Social Security Administration’s Youth Transition Demonstration Projects: Interim Report on Colorado Youth WINS. Report prepared for the Social Security Administration, April 2011.
Fraker, Thomas, Peter Baird, Arif Mamun, Michelle Manno, John Martinez, Debbie Reed, and Allison Thompkins. The Social Security Administration’s Youth Transition Demonstration Projects: Interim Report on the Career Transition Program. Report Prepared for the Social Security Administration, December 2012.
Fraker, Thomas, Alison Black, Joseph Broadus, Arif Mamun, Michelle Manno, John Martinez, Reanin McRoberts, Anu Rangarajan, and Debbie Reed. The Social Security Administration’s Youth Transition Demonstration Projects: Interim Report on the City University of New York’s Project. Report prepared for the Social Security Administration, April 2011.
Fraker, Thomas, Alison Black, Arif Mamun, Michelle Manno, John Martinez, Bonnie O’Day, Meghan O’Toole, Anu Rangarajan, and Debbie Reed. The Social Security Administration’s Youth Transition Demonstration Projects: Interim Report on Transition WORKS. Report prepared for the Social Security Administration, February 2011.
Fraker, Thomas and Todd Honeycutt. Promoting Readiness of Minors in Supplemental Security Income (PROMISE): Recommendation of the Technical Advisory Panel Regarding the Use of Incentive Payments and the Evaluation Design. Final Report. Report prepared for the Social Security Administration, February 2012.
Fraker, Thomas, Todd Honeycutt, Arif Mamun, Michelle Manno, John Martinez, Bonnie O'Day, Debbie Reed, and Allison Thompkins. The Social Security Administration's Youth Transition Demonstration Projects: Interim Report on Broadened Horizons, Brighter Futures. Report prepared for the Social Security Administration, December 2012.
Fraker, Thomas, Arif Mamun, Michelle Manno, John Martinez, Debbie Reed, Allison Thompkins, and David Wittenburg. The Social Security Administration's Youth Transition Demonstration Projects: Interim Report on West Virginia Youth Works. Report prepared for the Social Security Administration, December 2012
Fraker, Thomas and Anu Rangarajan. “The Social Security Administration’s Youth Transition Demonstration Projects.” Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 30, 3 (2009): 223-240.
Fremstad, Shawn and Rebecca Vallas. Supplemental Security Income for Children with Disabilities. Social Security Brief No. 40. Washington, DC: National Academy of Social Insurance, November 2012.
Gerst, Kerstin. “Supplemental Security Income Among Older Immigrants From Central and South America: The Impact of Welfare Reform.” Journal of Aging and Social Policy. 21, 3 (2009): 297-317.
Gerst, Kerstin and Jeffrey A. Burr. “Welfare Use among Older Hispanic Immigrants: The Effect of State and Federal Policy.” Population Research and Policy Review. 20, 1 (2011): 129-150.
Gettens, John, Alexis D. Henry, Aniko Laszlo, and Jay Himmelstein. “The Prospect of Losing Benefits and the Work Decisions of Participants in Disability Programs: A Cross-Program Comparison.” Journal of Disability Policy Studies 23, 3 (2012): 179-189.
Gibson, Nancy P. “SSI Rules Simplification Provides Helpful Changes.” The Exceptional Parent 35, 4 (April 2005): 64-65.
Giertz, Seth and Jeffrey Kubik. “The Disability Screening Process and the Labor Market Behavior of Accepted and Rejected Applicants: Evidence from the Health and Retirement Study.” Journal of Labor Research. 32, 3 (2011): 237-253.
Gimm, Gilbert, Denise Hoffman, and Henry T. Ireys. “Early Interventions to Prevent Disability for Workers with Mental Health Conditions: Impacts from the DMIE.” Disability and Health Journal 7, 1 (2014): 56-63.
Hemmeter, Jeffrey. Changes in Diagnostic Codes at Age 18. Research and Statistics Note, No. 2012-04. Washington, DC: Office of Retirement and Disability Policy, Social Security Administration, October 2012.
Hemmeter, Jeffrey. “Earnings and Disability Program Participation of Youth Transition Demonstration Participants After 24 months.” Social Security Bulletin 74, 1(2014): 1-25.
________. “Health Related Unmet Needs of Supplemental Security Income Youth after the Age- 18 Redetermination.” Health Services Research 46, 4 (2011): 1224-1242.
________. “Occupations of SSI Recipients Who Work.” Social Security Bulletin 69, 3 (2009): 47-75.
Hemmeter, Jeffrey, and Elaine Gilby. “The Age-18 Redetermination and Postredetermination Participation in SSI.” Social Security Bulletin 69, 4 (2009): 1-25.
Hemmeter, Jeffrey, Jacqueline Kauff, and David Wittenburg. “Changing Circumstances: Experiences of Child SSI Recipients Before and After their Age-18 Redetermination for Adult Benefits.” Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 30, 3 (2009): 201-221.
Hemmeter, Jeffrey and Michelle Stegman. “Subsequent Program Participation of Former Social Security Disability Insurance Beneficiaries and Supplemental Security Income Recipients Whose Eligibility Ceased Because of Medical Improvement.” Social Security Bulletin 73, 2 (2013): 1-38.
Herd, Pamela, Robert F. Schoeni, and James S. House. “Upstream Solutions: Does the Supplemental Security Income Program Reduce Disability in the Elderly?” The Milbank Quarterly 86, 1 (March 2008): 5-45.
Hogan, Sean R., Richard Speiglman, and Jean C. Norris. “The Effects of Eliminating Supplemental Security Income Drug Addiction and Alcoholism Eligibility on the Mental Health of Low-Income Substance Abusers.” Social Work in Public Health 25, 5 (2010): 438-453.
Hogan, Sean R., George J. Unick, Richard Speiglman, and Jean C. Norris. “Gender-Specific Barriers to Self-Sufficiency Among Former Supplemental Security Income Drug Addiction and Alcoholism Beneficiaries: Implications for Welfare-to-Work Programs and Services.” Journal of Social Service Research 37, 3 (2011): 320-337.
________. “Social Welfare Policy and Public Assistance for Low-Income Substance Abusers: The Impact of 1996 Welfare Reform Legislation on the Economic Security of Former Supplemental Security Income Drug Addiction and Alcoholism Beneficiaries.” Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare 35, 1 (March 2008): 221-24.
Honeycutt, Todd and David Wittenburg. Identifying Transition-Age Youth with Disabilities Using Existing Surveys. Report prepared for the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, July 2012.
Houston, Kyle, H. Bruce Lammers, and Shirley Svorny. “Perceptions of the Effect of Public Policy on Employment Opportunities for Individuals Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing.” Journal of Disability Policy Studies 21, 1 (June 2010): 9-21.
Houtenville, Andrew J. and Debra L. Brucker. “Participation in Safety-Net Programs and the Utilization of Employment Services Among Working-Age Persons with Disabilities.” Journal of Disability Policy Studies, February 2013: doi: 10.1177/1044207312474308.
Johnson, Richard W., Melissa M. Favreault and Corina Mommaerts. Work Ability and the Social Insurance Safety Net in the Years Prior to Retirement. Center for Retirement Research Working Paper No. 2009-28, Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, November 2009.
Katz, Marsha R. Don’t Look for Logic: An Advocate’s Manual for Negotiating the SSI and SSDI Programs. Missoula, MT: University of Montana Rural Institute, 2005.
Kaushal, Neeraj. Elderly Immigrants’ Labor Supply Response to Supplemental Security Income. Center for Retirement Research Working Paper No. 2008-25, Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, January 2009.
Kemp, Mary. “Recipients of Supplemental Security Income and the Student Earned Income Exclusion.” Social Security Bulletin 70, 2(2010): 31-61.
King, Laura and Aneer Rukh-Kamaa. “Youth Transitioning Out of Foster Care: An Evaluation of a Supplemental Security Income Policy Change.” Social Security Bulletin 73, 4 (2013): 53-57.
Kirk, Adele. Understanding the Growth in Federal Disability Programs: Who are the Marginal Beneficiaries and How Much Do They Cost? Center for Retirement Research Working Paper No. 2012-1, Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, January 2012.
Koenig, Melissa and Kalman Rupp. “SSI Recipients in Households and Families with Multiple Recipients: Prevalence and Poverty Outcomes.” Social Security Bulletin 65,2 (2003/2004): 14-27.
Levy, Helen. Income, Material Hardship, and the Use of Public Programs among the Elderly. Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper No. 2009-208, University of Michigan Retirement Research Center, September 2009.
Livermore, Gina A. “Social Security Disability Beneficiaries with Work-Related Goals and Expectations.” Social Security Bulletin 71, 3 (2011): 61-82.
________. “Work-Oriented Social Security Disability Beneficiaries: Characteristics and Employment-Related Activities.” Center for Studying Disability Policy Research Brief Number 09-05. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. December 2009.
Livermore, Gina and Silvie Colman, “Use of One Stops by Social Security Disability Beneficiaries in Four States Implementing Disability Program Navigator Initiatives.” Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2010.
Livermore, Gina A., Denise Hoffman, and Maura Bardos. Ticket to Work Participant Characteristics and Outcomes Under the Revised Regulations. Final Report. Report prepared for the Social Security Ad-ministration. September 2012.
Livermore, Gina, and Sarah Prenovitz. “Benefits Planning, Assistance, and Outreach (BPAO) Service User Characteristics and Use of Work Incentives.” Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations Report No. 6. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2010.
________. “Benefits Planning, Assistance, and Outreach (BPAO) Service User Characteristics and Use of Work Incentives.” Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program, Report 5: Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2011.
Livermore, Gina A., Sarah Prenovitz, and Jody Schimmel. Employment-Related Outcomes of a Recent Cohort of Work Incentives Planning and Assistance (WIPA) Program Enrollees. Final Report. Report prepared for the Social Security Administration, September 2011.
Livermore, Gina A. and Allison Roche. “Longitudinal Outcomes of an Early Cohort of Ticket to Work Participants.” Social Security Bulletin 71, 3 (2011): 105-132.
Livermore, Gina, Allison Roche, and Sarah Prenovitz. “Longitudinal Experiences of an Early Cohort of Ticket to Work Participants.” Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations Report No. 10. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2010.
________. “Longitudinal Experiences of an Early Cohort of Ticket to Work Participants.” Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program, Report 5: Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2011. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2011.
________. “SSI and DI Beneficiaries with Work-Related Goals and Expectations.” Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations Report No. 5. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2009.
________. “SSI and DI Beneficiaries with Work-Related Goals and Expectations.” Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program, Report 5: Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2011.
Livermore, Gina, and David Stapleton. “Highlights of the Fifth Ticket to Work Evaluation Report.” Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program, Report 5: Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2011.
Livermore, Gina, David Stapleton, and Allison Roche. “Characteristics, Employment, and Sources of Support Among Working-Age SSI and DI Beneficiaries.” Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations Report No. 2. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2009.
________. “Characteristics, Employment, and Sources of Support Among Working-Age SSI and DI Beneficiaries.” Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program, Report 5: Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2011.
Livermore, Gina, Debra Wright, Allison Roche, and Eric Grau. “2006 National Beneficiary Survey: Background and Statistical Tables.” Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations Report No. 4. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2009.
Livermore, Gina, Debra Wright, Allison Roche, and Eric Grau. “2006 National Beneficiary Survey: Background and Statistical Tables.” Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program, Report 5: Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2011.
Loprest, Pamela J. and David C. Wittenburg. Choices, Challenges, and Options: Child SSI Recipients Preparing for the Transition to Adult Life. Report prepared under contract to the Social Security Administration, May 2005.
________. “Posttransition Experiences of Former Child SSI Recipients.” Social Service Review 81, 4 (December 2007): 583-608.
Luchansky, Bill, Dan Fordlund, Sharon Estee, Peter Lund, Antoinette Krupski, and Kenneth Stark. “Substance Abuse Treatment and Criminal Justice Involvement for SSI Recipients: Results from Washington State.” American Journal on Addictions 15, 5 (September-October 2006): 370-379.
Luecking, Richard G. and David Wittenburg. “Providing Supports to Youth with Disabilities Transitioning to Adulthood: Case Descriptions from the Youth Transition Demonstration.” Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 30, (2009): 241-251.
Mamun, Arif, Paul O'Leary, David Wittenburg, and Jesse Gregory. “Employment among Social Security Disability Program Beneficiaries: 1996-2007.” Social Security Bulletin 71, 3 (2011): 11-34.
Mann, David R. and David Stapleton. “A Roadmap to a 21st Century Disability Policy.” Center for Studying Disability Policy Issue Brief Number 12-01. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. January 2012.
Mann, David R. and David Wittenburg. “Back to Work: Recent SSA Employment Demonstrations for People With Disabilities.” Center for Studying Disability Policy Issue Brief Number 12-05. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. June 2012.
Martin, Patricia P. “Hispanics, Social Security, and Supplemental Security Income.” Social Security Bulletin 67, 2 (2007): 73-100.
Martin, Patricia P. and John L. Murphy. African Americans: Description of Social Security and Supple-mental Security Income Participation and Benefit Levels Using the American Community Survey, Research and Statistics Note 2014-01, Social Security Administration, January 2014.
Martinez, John, Thomas Fraker, Michelle Manno, Peter Baird, Arif Mamun, Bonnie O’Day, Anu Rangarajan, and David Wittenburg. The Social Security Administration's Youth Transition Demonstration Projects: Implementation Lessons from the Original Projects. Report prepared under contract to the Office of Disability and Retirement Research, Social Security Administration, February 2010.
Martinez, John, Michelle S. Manno, Peter Baird, Thomas Fraker, Todd Honeycutt, Arif Mamun, Bonnie O’Day, and Anu Rangarajan. The Social Security Administration’s Youth Transition Demonstration Projects: Profiles of the Random Assignment Projects. Report prepared under contract to the Office of Disability and Retirement Research, Social Security Administration, December 2008.
McGarry, Kathleen and Jonathan Skinner. The Long-Term Financial and Health Outcomes of Disability Insurance Applicants. Paper presented at 11th Annual Joint Conference of the Research Retirement Consortium, Washington, DC, August 10-11, 2009.
Meijer, Erik, Lynn A. Karoly, and Pierre-Carl Michaud. “Using Matched Survey and Administrative Data to Estimate Eligibility for the Medicare Part D Low-Income Subsidy Program.” Social Security Bulletin 70, 2(2010): 63-82.
Meyer, Bruce D., Wallace K.C. Mok, and James X. Sullivan. The Under-Reporting of Transfers in Household Surveys: Its Nature and Consequences. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. NB08-12, September 2008.
Mitchell, Jean M. and Darrell J. Gaskin. “Factors Affecting Plan Choice and Unmet Need Among Supplemental Security Income Eligible Children with Disabilities.” Health Services Research 40, 5, pt. 1 (October 2005): 1379-1399.
Mitchell, Jean M., Darrell J. Gaskin, and Chahira Kozna. “Health Supervision Visits Among SSI-Eligible Children in the D.C. Medicaid Program: A Comparison of Enrollees in Fee-for-Service and Partially Capitated Managed Care.” Inquiry 45, 2 (Summer 2008): 198-214.
Moore, Timothy J. The Employment Effect of Terminating Disability Benefits. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 19793, January 2014.
Morton, William R. Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) Reform: An Overview of Proposals to Reduce the Growth in SSDI Rolls. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. R43054, April 2013.
________. Ticket to Work and Self-Sufficiency Program: Overview and Current Issues. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. R41934, January 2014.
Moulta-Ali, Umar. Child Welfare: Social Security and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Benefits for Children in Foster Care. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. RL33855, September 2012.
________. Primer on Disability Benefits: Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI). Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. RL32279, February 2014.
________. Supplemental Security Income (SSI). Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. 94-486, January 2014.
________. Supplemental Security Income (SSI): Accounts Not Counted as Resources. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. RS22512, August 2011.
________. Supplemental Security Income (SSI): Income/Resource Limits and Accounts Exempt From Benefit Determinations. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. RS20294, January 2014
Msall, Michael E., Fernando Bobis, and Shelly Field. “Children with Disabilities and Supplemental Security Income.” Infants & Young Children: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Special Care Practices 19, 1 (January-March 2006): 2-15.
Neumark, David and Elizabeth T. Powers. “The Effects of Changes in State SSI Supplements on Pre-Retirement Labor Supply.” Public Finance Review 33, 1 (January 2005): 3-35.
Neumark, David, Elizabeth T. Powers, and Klaus F. Zimmermann. “Supplemental Security Income, Labor Supply, and Migration.” Journal of Population Economics 19, 3 (July 2006): 447-479.
Nicholas, Joyce. “Prevalence, Characteristics, and Poverty Status of Supplemental Security Income Mutirecipients.” Social Security Bulletin 73, 3 (2013): 11-21.
Nicholas, Joyce and Michael Wiseman. “Elderly Poverty and Supplemental Security Income.” Social Security Bulletin 69, 1 (2009): 45-73.
________. “Elderly Poverty and Supplemental Security Income, 2002-2005.” Social Security Bulletin 70, 2 (2010): 1-29.
O'Day, Bonnie, Allison Roche, Norma Altshuler, Liz Clary, and Krista Harrison. “Process Evaluation of the Work Incentives Planning and Assistance Program.” Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations Report No. 1. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2009.
O'Day, Bonnie, Allison Roche, Norma Altshuler, Liz Clary, and Krista Harrison. “Process Evaluation of the Work Incentives Planning and Assistance Program.” Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program, Report 5: Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2011.
O'Day, Bonnie and David Stapleton. “Transforming Disability Policy for Youth and Young Adults with Disabilities.” Center for Studying Disability Policy Research Brief Number 09-01. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., March 2009.
O’Leary, Paul, Leslie I. Boden, Seth A. Seabury, Al Ozonoff, and Ethan Scherer. “Workplace Injuries and the Take-Up of Social Security Disability Benefits.” Social Security Bulletin 72, 3 (2012): 1-17.
O'Leary, Paul, Gina A. Livermore, and David C. Stapleton. “Employment of Individuals in the Social Security Disability Programs.” Social Security Bulletin 71, 3 (2011): 1-10.
Pardoe, Rachel. Understanding Supplemental Security Income (SSI): A Guide for TANF Staff Members, OPRE Report 2013-50, Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation; Administration for Children and Families; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, December 2013.
Parent, Rene. Defined Contribution Pension Plans and the Supplemental Security Income Program. Policy Brief No. 2006-01. Washington, DC: Office of Disability and Income Assistance Policy, Office of Policy, Social Security Administration, March 2006.
Parent, Rene, Jeffrey Hemmeter, and Nancy Early. Selected Characteristics and Self-Perceived Performance of Individual Social Security and Supplemental Security Income Representative Payees. Research and Statistics Note No. 2009-02. Washington, DC: Office of Retirement and Disability Policy, Social Security Administration, December 2009.
Parent, Rene, Incigul Sayman, and Kevin Kulzer. Profile of Social Security Disabled Workers and Dependents Who Have a Connection to Workers’ Compensation or Public Disability Benefits. Research and Statistics Note No. 2012-03. Washington, DC: Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics, Office of Retirement and Disability Policy, Social Security Administration, September 2012.
Prenovitz, Sarah. “Service Providers’ Experiences Under the Revised Ticket to Work Regulations.” Center for Studying Disability Policy Issue Brief Number 12-04. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., February 2012.
Pulcini, Christian D., Milton Kotelchuck, Karen A. Kuhlthau, Alixandra A. Nozzolillo, and James M. Perrin. “Potential Savings From Redetermining Disability Among Children Receiving Supplemental Security Income Benefits.” Academic Pediatrics 12, 6 (2012): 489-494.
Rangarajan, Anu, Thomas Fraker, Todd Honeycutt, Arif Mamun, John Martinez, Bonnie O’Day, and David Wittenburg. The Social Security Administration’s Youth Transition Demonstration Projects: Evaluation Design Report. Report prepared under contract to the Office of Disability and Retirement Research, Social Security Administration, January 2009.
Reichman, Nancy E., Hope Corman, and Kelly Noonan. “Effects of Child Health on Sources of Public Support.” Southern Economic Journal 73, 1 (July 2006): 136-156.
Riley, Gerald F. and Kalman Rupp. “Expenditure Patterns Under the Four Major Public Cash Benefit and Health Insurance Programs for Working-Age Adults With Disabilities.” Journal of Disability Policy Studies (2012): doi: 10.1177/1044207312469828.
Roberto, Pamela N., Jean M. Mitchell, and Darrell J. Gaskin. “Plan Choice and Changes in Access to Care over Time for SSI-Eligible Children with Disabilities.” Inquiry 42, 2 (Summer 2005): 145-159.
Rogers, Jackie B., Malachy Bishop, and Ralph M. Crystal. “Predicting Rehabilitation Outcome for Supplemental Security Income and Social Security Disability Income Recipients: Implications for Consideration with the Ticket to Work Program.” Journal of Rehabilitation 71, 3 (July/August/September 2005): 5-10.
Romig, Kathleen. Social Security Reform: Possible Effects on the Elderly Poor and Mitigation Options. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. RL34433, April 2008.
Rosen, Marc I., Thomas J. McMahon, HaiQun Lin, and Robert A. Rosenheck. “Effect of Social Security Payments on Substance Abuse in a Homeless Mentally Ill Cohort.” Health Services Research 41, 1 (February 2006) 173-191.
Rosen, Marc I., Thomas J. McMahon, and Robert A. Rosenheck. “Homeless People Whose Self-Reported SSI/DI Status Is Inconsistent with Social Security Administration Record.” Social Security Bulletin 67, 1 (2007): 53-62.
Rudbeck, Jason. “Paying Attention to Welfare: Supplemental Security Income, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and the Incentives of Parents.” Ph.D. diss., Clemson University, 2006.
Rupp, Kalman. “Factors Affecting Initial Disability Allowance Rates for the Disability Insurance and Supplemental Security Income Programs: The Role of the Demographic and Diagnostic Composition of Applicants and Local Labor Market Conditions.” Social Security Bulletin 72, 4 (2012): 11-36.
Rupp, Kalman and Paul S. Davies. “A Long-Term View of Health Status, Disabilities, Mortality, and Participation in the DI and SSI Disability Programs.” In Research in Labor Economics, Accounting for Worker Well-Being, Volume 23, edited by Solomon W. Polachek. Amsterdam: Elsevier, JAI Press, 2004.
Rupp, Kalman, Paul S. Davies, Chad Newcomb, Howard Iams, Carrie Becker, Shanti Mulpuru, Stephen Ressler, Kathleen Romig, and Baylor Miller. “A Profile of Children with Disabilities Receiving SSI Benefits: Highlights from the National Survey of SSI Children and Families.” Social Security Bulletin 66, 2 (2005/2006): 21-36.
Rupp, Kalman, Paul S. Davies, and Alexander Strand. “Disability Benefit Coverage and Program Interactions in the Working-Age Population.” Social Security Bulletin 68, 1 (2008): 1-30.
Rupp, Kalman and Steve Ressler. “Family Caregiving and Employment Among Parents of Children with Disabilities on SSI.” Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 30, 3 (2009): 153-175.
Rupp, Kalman and Gerald F. Riley. “Longitudinal Patterns of Medicaid and Medicare Coverage Among Disability Cash Benefits Awardees.” Social Security Bulletin 72, 3 (2012): 19-35.
________. “Longitudinal Patterns of Participation in the Social Security Disability Insurance and Supplemental Security Income Programs for People With Disabilities.” Social Security Bulletin 71, 2 (2011): 25-51.
Rupp, Kalman and James Sears. “Eligibility for the Medicare Buy-In Programs, Based on a Survey of Income and Program Participation Simulation.” Social Security Bulletin 63, 3 (2000): 13-25.
Rupp, Kalman, Alexander Strand, Paul S. Davies, and James Sears. “Benefit Adequacy Among Elderly Social Security Retired Worker Beneficiaries and the SSI Federal Benefit Rate.” Social Security Bulletin 67, 3 (2007): 29-52.
Schimmel, Jody. New Evidence on the Role of Provider Business Model in the Economic Viability of Employment Networks in Ticket to Work. Center for Studying Disability Policy Issue Brief Number 13-04. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., July 2013.
Schimmel, Jody. Regulatory Changes and the Recession: How Did They Affect Ticket to Work Participants' Employment Efforts. Center for Studying Disability Policy Issue Brief Number 13-03. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., July 2013.
Schimmel, Jody, Su Liu, and Sarah Croake. “Employment Experiences of Young Medicaid Buy-In Participants with Psychiatric Disabilities” Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 2012 Winter, 259-64.
Schimmel, Jody, Bonnie O'Day, and Allison Roche. “The Work Incentives Planning and Assistance Program: Promoting Employment Among Social Security Disability Beneficiaries.” Center for Studying Disability Policy Issue Brief Number 11-05. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., January 2012.
Schimmel, Jody, Bonnie O'Day, Allison Roche, Gina Livermore, and Dominic Harris. Evaluation of the Work Incentives Planning and Assistance (WIPA) Program: Beneficiaries Served, Services Provided, and Program Costs. Final Report. Report prepared for the Social Security Administration, September 2010.
Schimmel, Jody, Allison Roche, and Gina Livermore. Evaluation of the Recent Experience of the Work Incentives Planning and Assistance (WIPA) Program: Beneficiaries Served, Services Provided, and Pro-gram Costs. Final Report. Report prepared for the Social Security Administration, September 2011.
Schimmel, Jody and David C. Stapleton. “Disability Benefits Suspended or Terminated Because of Work.” Social Security Bulletin 71, 3 (2011): 83-103.
Schimmel, Jody and David C. Stapleton. “How Many Disability Beneficiaries Forgo Cash Benefits Because of Work? Evidence From a New Measure.” Center for Studying Disability Policy Issue Brief Number 12-03. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., February 2012.
Schmidt, Lucie. “The Supplemental Security Income Program and Welfare Reform.” Public Policy Discussion Paper 12-3, Boston, MA: Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, May 2012.
________. “Supplemental Security Income, Welfare Reform, and the Recession.” Communities & Banking 24, 3 (2013): 20-21.
Sears, James. “Comparing Beneficiaries of the Medicare Savings Programs with Eligible Nonparticipants.” Social Security Bulletin 64, 3 (2001/2002): 76-80.
Skemer, Melanie and Brian Bayes. Examining the Interaction Between Welfare and Disability: Lessons from an In-Depth Data Analysis, OPRE Report 2013-49, Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation; Administration for Children and Families; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, December 2013.
Smith-Kaprosy, Nolan, Patricia P. Martin, and Kevin Whitman. “An Overview of American Indians and Alaskan Natives in the Context of Social Security and Supplemental Security Income.” Social Security Bulletin 72, 4 (2012): 1-10.
Soss, Joe and Lael R. Keiser. The Political Roots of Disability Claims: How State Environments and Policies Shape Citizen Demand. Institute for Research on Poverty Discussion Paper No. 1292-05, January 2005.
Stapleton, David, Burt Barnow, Kevin Coleman, Kimberly Dietrich, Jeff Furman, and Gilbert Lo. Labor Market Conditions, Socioeconomic Factors, and the Growth of Applications and Awards for SSDI and SSI Disability Benefits, final report and appendix prepared under contract to the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, Department of Health and Human Services and the Social Security Administration, May 23, 1995.
Stapleton, David, Cindy Gruman, and Sarah Prenovitz. “Participation in Ticket to Work Continues to Grow but Assignments Under the Traditional Payment System Still Dominate.” Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations Report No. 3. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2009.
________. “Participation in Ticket to Work Continues to Grow but Assignments Under the Traditional Payment System Still Dominate.” Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program, Report 5: Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2011.
Stapleton, David C., Gina Livermore, Craig Thornton, Bonnie O’Day, Robert Weathers, Krista Harrison, So O’Neil, Emily Sama Martin, and David Wittenburg. Ticket to Work at the Crossroads: A Solid Foundation with an Uncertain Future. Report prepared under contract to the Office of Disability and Income Security Programs, Social Security Administration, September 2008.
Stapleton, David, Gina Livermore, Andrea Zeuschner, Jeffery Furman, Kimberly Dietrich, and Gilbert Lo. Impairment Trends in the Growth of Applications and Awards for SSA Disability Benefits, final report and appendix prepared under contract to the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, Department of Health and Human Services and the Social Security Administration, May 24, 1995.
Stapleton, David C., and Frank H. Martin. Vocational Rehabilitation on the Road to Social Security Disability: Longitudinal Statistics from Matched Administrative Data. Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper No. 2012-269. University of Michigan Retirement Research Center, September 2012.
Stapleton, David, Jody Schimmel, and Miriam Loewenberg. “Time that Beneficiaries Spend Off the Rolls Due to Work and the Payments Generated for Employment Networks.” Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program, Report 5: Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2011.
Strand, Alexander. “Low Levels of Retirement Resources in the Near-Elderly Time Period and Future Participation in Means-Tested Programs.” Social Security Bulletin 70, 1 (2010): 1-21.
Strand, Alexander and Kalman Rupp. “Disabled Workers and the Indexing of Social Security Benefits.” Social Security Bulletin 67, 4 (2007): 21-50.
Sweeney, Eileen P. and Shawn Fremstad. Supplemental Security Income: Supporting People with Disabilities and the Elderly Poor. Washington, DC: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, August 2005.
Szymendera, Scott. CRS Issue Statement on Disability Benefits. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. IS40283, January 2010.
________. Potential Effect of Marriage on Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Eligibility and Benefits. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. RL33675, January 2008.
________. Social Security Administration: Suspension of Benefits for Fugitive Felons. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. RS22355, December 2005.
________. Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI): Proposed Changes to the Disability Determination and Appeals Processes. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. RL33179, April 2006.
Szymendera, Scott and Carol D. Davis. Supplemental Security Income (SSI): Benefit Changes for California Residents, 2006 and 2007. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. RS22365, January 2006.
Thornton, Craig. Can the Ticket to Work Program Be Self-Financing? Final Report. Report prepared for the Social Security Administration, April 2012.
Thornton, Craig, Thomas Fraker, Gina Livermore, David Stapleton, Bonnie O’Day, Tim Silva, Emily Sama Martin, John Kregel, and Debra Wright. Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program: Implementation Experience During the Second Two Years of Operation (2003-2004). Report prepared for the Social Security Administration, January 2006.
Thornton, Craig, Gina Livermore, Thomas Fraker, David Stapleton, Bonnie O’Day, David Wittenburg, Robert Weathers, Nanette Goodman, Tim Silva, Emily Sama Martin, Jesse Gregory, Debra Wright, and Arif Mamun. Evaluation of the Ticket to Work: Program Assessment of Post-Rollout Implementation and Early Impacts. Report prepared under contract to the Office of Disability and Income Security Programs, Social Security Administration, May 2007.
Trenkamp, Brad and Michael Wiseman. “The Food Stamp Program and Supplemental Security Income.” Social Security Bulletin 67, 4 (2007): 71-87.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being, No. 12 Estimates of Supplemental Security Income Eligibility for Children in Out-of-Home Placements. Research Brief. Washington, DC: Administration for Children and Families, February 2008.
U.S. Government Accountability Office. Highlights of a Forum: Actions that Could Increase Work Participation for Adults with Disabilities. GAO-10-812SP, 2010.
________. Modernizing SSA Disability Programs: Preliminary Observations on Updates of Medical and Occupational Criteria. GAO-12-511T, 2012.
________. Modernizing SSA Disability Programs: Progress Made, but Key Efforts Warrant More Management Focus. GAO-12-420, 2012.
________. Social Security Disability: Management of Disability Claims Workload Will Require Comprehensive Planning. Testimony Before the Subcommittees on Social Security and Income Security and Family Support, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives, GAO-10-667T, 2010.
________. Social Security Reform: Raising the Retirement Ages Would Have Implications for Older Workers and SSA Disability Rolls. Report to the Chairman, Special Committee on Aging, U.S. Senate, GAO-11-125, 2010.
________. SSA Disability Programs: Progress and Challenges Related to Modernizing. GAO-12-891T, 2012.
________. SSA Disability Representatives: Fee Payment Changes Show Promise, but Eligibility Criteria and Representative Overpayments Require Further Monitoring. Report to Congressional Committees, GAO-08-5, 2007.
________. SSA Has Taken Steps to Prevent and Detect Overpayments, but Additional Actions Could be Taken to Improve Oversight. GAO-13-109, 2012.
________. Students with Disabilities: Better Federal Coordination Could Lessen Challenges in the Transition from High School. GAO-12-594, 2012.
________. Supplemental Security Income: Better Management Oversight Needed for Children's Benefits. GAO-12-497, 2012.
________. Ticket to Work Participation Has Increased, but Additional Oversight Needed. GAO-11-324, 2011.
________. Work Activity Indicates Certain Social Security Disability Insurance Payments Were Potentially Improper. GAO-13-635, 2013.
U.S. Social Security Administration. Annual Statistical Supplement to the Social Security Bulletin. SSA Pub. No. 13-11700, Annual Publication of the Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics.
________. SSI Annual Statistical Report. SSA Pub. No. 13-11827, Annual Publication of the Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics.
U.S. Social Security Administration. SSI Recipients by State and County. SSA Pub. No. 13-11976, Annual Publication of the Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics.
________. Trends in the Social Security and Supplemental Security Income Disability Programs. SSA Publication No. 13-11831, Office of Policy, Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics, August 2006.
Wamhoff, Steve and Michael Wiseman. “The TANF/SSI Connection.” Social Security Bulletin 66, 4 (2005/2006): 21-36.
Weathers, Robert R. II., Gerard Walter, Sara Schley, John Hennessey, Jeffrey Hemmeter, and Richard V. Burkhauser. “How Postsecondary Education Improves Adult Outcomes for Supplemental Security Income Children with Severe Hearing Impairments.” Social Security Bulletin 67, 2 (2007): 101-131.
Weaver, Robert D. and Ruthanne L. Hackman. “A New Era for Legal Immigrants?: Rethinking Title IV of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act.” Journal of Policy Practice 8, 1 (2009): 54-68.
Wiseman, Michael. Supplemental Security Income for the Second Decade. Prepared for the Conference “Reducing Poverty and Economic Distress after ARRA: The Most Promising Approaches.” Washington, DC: January 2010.
________. “Supplemental Security Income for the Second Decade.” Washington, DC: Urban Institute. August 2010. Available at www.urban.org/url.cfm?ID=412266.
Wiseman, Michael and Martynas Ycas. “The Canadian Safety Net for the Elderly.” Social Security Bulletin 68, 2 (2008): 53-67.
Wittenburg, David and Pamela J. Loprest. “Early Transition Experiences of Transition-Age Child SSI Recipients: New Evidence from the National Survey of Children and Families.” Journal of Disability Policy Studies 18, 3 (2007): 176-187.
Wittenburg, David, David R. Mann, and Allison Thompkins. “The Disability System and Programs to Promote Employment for People with Disabilities.” IZA Journal of Labor Policy 2, 4 (2013).
Wittenburg, David and Sandi Nelson. A Guide to Disability Statistics from the Survey of Income and Program Participation. Washington, DC: Urban Institute, February 2006.
Wixon, Bernard and Alexander Strand. Identifying SSA's Sequential Disability Determination Steps Using Administrative Data, Research and Statistics Note 2013-01, Social Security Administration, June 2013.
Wright, Debra, Gina Livermore, Denise Hoffman, Eric Grau, and Maura Bardos. 2010 National Beneficiary Survey: Methodology and Descriptive Statistics. Final Report. Report prepared for the Social Security Administration, April 2012.
 

Table of Contents Previous Next Tables Figures
SSA Home | Privacy Policy | Website Policies & Other Important Information | Site Map | Actuarial Publications August 22, 2014