Earnings and Disability Program Participation of Youth Transition Demonstration Participants after 24 Months
by Jeffrey Hemmeter
Social Security Bulletin, Vol. 74 No. 1, 2014
Social Security Bulletin, Vol. 74 No. 1, 2014
Text description for Chart 1.
YTD design objectives
Transition Efforts by Youth
- YTD intervention components
- Provide individualized supports before and during employment
- Teach self-sufficiency skills
- Include and involve family members
- Alert client to social and health services and service linkages
- Provide SSA disability program benefits counseling and program waivers to encourage work
- Factors affecting transition
- General
- Youth's interests and strengths
- Economic climate
- Resources
- Schools, special education, higher education, and specialized training
- Vocational rehabilitation, Ticket to Work, and Workforce Investment Act programs
- Mental health, intellectual disability, and developmental disability systems
- SSA disability programs
- Health care delivery and financing systems
- Community-based service providers
- Employers
- General
- Barriers
- Low expectations about work and self-sufficiency
- Lack of access to employment services and work-based experiences
- Uncoordinated handoff to adult services
- Inadequate access to social and health services
- Financial disincentives to work
- Incomplete knowledge of how work affects benefits
Key outcomes
- Short term
- Preparation for employment
- Paid employment
- Substantial income from earnings and benefits
- Positive attitudes and expectations
- Further education
- Longer term
- Paid employment
- Substantial income from earnings
- Self-determination
- Pursuit of educational, training, and work opportunities
- Reduced contact with the justice system
SOURCE: Adapted from Rangarajan and others (2009).
Project site | Month of random assignment | After 24 months |
---|---|---|
SSI participation rates | ||
New York: CUNY | 5.4*** | 10.9*** |
New York: Erie County | 2.3 | 6.3** |
Colorado | -1.6 | 2.9 |
Maryland | -5.3** | -1.0 |
Florida | -2.5 | 11.7*** |
West Virginia | 2.0 | 8.7*** |
DI participation rates | ||
New York: CUNY | -0.4 | -1.6 |
New York: Erie County | -3.8 | -1.5 |
Colorado | -2.1 | -1.3 |
Maryland | 1.2 | 0.6 |
Florida | 1.3 | 2.7 |
West Virginia | 1.5 | 4.0 |
SOURCE: Author's calculations using SSA program records. | ||
NOTES: Each value reflects the treatment-group percentage minus the control-group percentage at the given site and time. | ||
* = statistically significant at the .10 level (two-tailed t-test). | ||
** = statistically significant at the .05 level (two-tailed t-test). | ||
*** = statistically significant at the .01 level (two-tailed t-test). |
Month | Treatment group | Control group | Difference |
---|---|---|---|
-12 | 610.01 | 606.17 | 3.84 |
-11 | 618.21 | 605.61 | 12.60 |
-10 | 618.12 | 606.47 | 11.66 |
-9 | 623.61 | 609.70 | 13.92 |
-8 | 619.33 | 601.82 | 17.51 |
-7 | 619.26 | 596.98 | 22.28 |
-6 | 629.29 | 598.29 | 31.00** |
-5 | 627.70 | 594.68 | 33.02** |
-4 | 628.49 | 593.74 | 34.76** |
-3 | 629.39 | 592.29 | 37.11*** |
-2 | 627.82 | 586.68 | 41.14*** |
-1 | 625.24 | 577.76 | 47.48*** |
0 | 625.77 | 575.70 | 50.07*** |
1 | 615.35 | 567.85 | 47.50*** |
2 | 617.55 | 569.93 | 47.62*** |
3 | 616.07 | 581.95 | 34.12** |
4 | 616.56 | 581.55 | 35.00** |
5 | 620.35 | 589.01 | 31.34** |
6 | 615.38 | 574.72 | 40.67*** |
7 | 621.39 | 589.92 | 31.46** |
8 | 627.51 | 588.83 | 38.68** |
9 | 624.71 | 581.39 | 43.32*** |
10 | 620.47 | 580.82 | 39.65** |
11 | 620.36 | 576.15 | 44.21*** |
12 | 617.10 | 577.85 | 39.26** |
13 | 613.73 | 574.32 | 39.41** |
14 | 612.77 | 571.46 | 41.32** |
15 | 624.93 | 563.77 | 61.16*** |
16 | 628.90 | 563.53 | 65.37*** |
17 | 629.28 | 571.71 | 57.57*** |
18 | 627.30 | 572.92 | 54.38*** |
19 | 616.45 | 566.42 | 50.03*** |
20 | 616.67 | 559.97 | 56.71*** |
21 | 600.12 | 541.30 | 58.82*** |
22 | 593.98 | 521.55 | 72.43*** |
23 | 593.18 | 512.70 | 80.47*** |
24 | 590.71 | 506.38 | 84.34*** |
SOURCE: Author's calculations using SSA program records. | |||
NOTES: Payments are adjusted to 2012 dollars using the CPI-W. | |||
* = statistically significant at the .10 level (two-tailed t-test). | |||
** = statistically significant at the .05 level (two-tailed t-test: months -6, -5, -4, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, and 14). | |||
*** = statistically significant at the .01 level (two-tailed t-test: months -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 6, 9, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24). |
Month | Treatment group | Control group | Difference |
---|---|---|---|
-12 | 629.25 | 622.21 | 7.04 |
-11 | 628.40 | 618.52 | 9.87 |
-10 | 635.14 | 630.20 | 4.94 |
-9 | 632.19 | 629.00 | 3.20 |
-8 | 629.80 | 632.78 | -2.98 |
-7 | 629.73 | 645.74 | -16.02 |
-6 | 633.23 | 647.60 | -14.37 |
-5 | 641.13 | 642.20 | -1.08 |
-4 | 646.37 | 642.44 | 3.94 |
-3 | 647.49 | 644.42 | 3.08 |
-2 | 647.49 | 645.78 | 1.71 |
-1 | 654.41 | 638.92 | 15.49 |
0 | 653.33 | 645.04 | 8.28 |
1 | 650.89 | 647.50 | 3.39 |
2 | 651.00 | 639.81 | 11.19 |
3 | 643.06 | 626.21 | 16.85 |
4 | 646.58 | 620.62 | 25.96 |
5 | 641.82 | 622.43 | 19.39 |
6 | 637.08 | 625.21 | 11.87 |
7 | 638.19 | 623.47 | 14.72 |
8 | 629.34 | 621.12 | 8.22 |
9 | 638.47 | 612.45 | 26.02 |
10 | 634.09 | 611.01 | 23.08 |
11 | 643.15 | 613.49 | 29.66 |
12 | 636.00 | 606.68 | 29.32 |
13 | 645.01 | 624.11 | 20.90 |
14 | 647.46 | 615.25 | 32.21 |
15 | 641.28 | 606.34 | 34.94* |
16 | 649.54 | 624.31 | 25.22 |
17 | 650.60 | 614.18 | 36.42* |
18 | 662.90 | 624.94 | 37.96* |
19 | 663.84 | 598.16 | 65.68*** |
20 | 667.79 | 616.20 | 51.59** |
21 | 668.46 | 624.89 | 43.57** |
22 | 675.16 | 619.77 | 55.39*** |
23 | 688.03 | 622.88 | 65.15*** |
24 | 664.44 | 603.25 | 61.19*** |
SOURCE: Author's calculations using SSA program records. | |||
NOTES: Payments are adjusted to 2012 dollars using the CPI-W. | |||
* = statistically significant at the .10 level (two-tailed t-test: months 15, 17, and 18). | |||
** = statistically significant at the .05 level (two-tailed t-test: months 20 and 21). | |||
*** = statistically significant at the .01 level (two-tailed t-test: months 19, 22, 23, and 24). |
Month | Treatment group | Control group | Difference |
---|---|---|---|
-12 | 542.00 | 561.13 | -19.13 |
-11 | 554.51 | 563.40 | -8.89 |
-10 | 563.25 | 561.44 | 1.82 |
-9 | 558.72 | 564.44 | -5.71 |
-8 | 563.14 | 580.30 | -17.15 |
-7 | 573.27 | 593.82 | -20.55 |
-6 | 592.57 | 596.25 | -3.67 |
-5 | 597.63 | 605.83 | -8.20 |
-4 | 599.84 | 606.54 | -6.70 |
-3 | 601.60 | 607.48 | -5.89 |
-2 | 603.23 | 609.16 | -5.93 |
-1 | 606.49 | 607.93 | -1.44 |
0 | 609.00 | 607.61 | 1.38 |
1 | 608.12 | 600.81 | 7.31 |
2 | 615.58 | 610.74 | 4.84 |
3 | 613.78 | 612.23 | 1.55 |
4 | 621.67 | 613.67 | 7.99 |
5 | 611.10 | 603.78 | 7.32 |
6 | 615.79 | 595.88 | 19.91 |
7 | 606.44 | 592.87 | 13.57 |
8 | 607.80 | 589.38 | 18.42 |
9 | 607.22 | 589.65 | 17.57 |
10 | 612.81 | 587.15 | 25.66* |
11 | 604.42 | 589.27 | 15.15 |
12 | 612.48 | 591.36 | 21.11 |
13 | 607.94 | 585.78 | 22.16 |
14 | 619.75 | 595.56 | 24.19 |
15 | 608.49 | 581.71 | 26.78 |
16 | 617.42 | 601.20 | 16.22 |
17 | 627.55 | 598.60 | 28.94* |
18 | 619.91 | 594.88 | 25.03 |
19 | 624.25 | 599.23 | 25.02 |
20 | 626.91 | 601.83 | 25.08 |
21 | 634.04 | 610.80 | 23.24 |
22 | 628.82 | 607.45 | 21.37 |
23 | 620.89 | 591.37 | 29.52 |
24 | 630.08 | 613.09 | 16.99 |
SOURCE: Author's calculations using SSA program records. | |||
NOTES: Payments are adjusted to 2012 dollars using the CPI-W. | |||
* = statistically significant at the .10 level (two-tailed t-test: months 10 and 17). | |||
** = statistically significant at the .05 level (two-tailed t-test). | |||
*** = statistically significant at the .01 level (two-tailed t-test). |
Month | Treatment group | Control group | Difference |
---|---|---|---|
-12 | 49.32 | 64.83 | -15.50 |
-11 | 51.56 | 64.26 | -12.70 |
-10 | 52.50 | 65.31 | -12.82 |
-9 | 53.10 | 68.58 | -15.48 |
-8 | 54.24 | 69.02 | -14.78 |
-7 | 54.77 | 73.94 | -19.17 |
-6 | 52.25 | 74.22 | -21.97 |
-5 | 50.18 | 75.66 | -25.48* |
-4 | 50.79 | 75.17 | -24.37* |
-3 | 53.97 | 78.34 | -24.37* |
-2 | 56.89 | 75.56 | -18.66 |
-1 | 60.53 | 82.57 | -22.03 |
0 | 65.91 | 89.22 | -23.31 |
1 | 71.77 | 89.68 | -17.91 |
2 | 72.46 | 94.48 | -22.02 |
3 | 78.64 | 99.50 | -20.86 |
4 | 83.78 | 99.57 | -15.79 |
5 | 84.75 | 102.62 | -17.86 |
6 | 86.68 | 104.05 | -17.37 |
7 | 85.35 | 102.30 | -16.94 |
8 | 93.33 | 106.65 | -13.32 |
9 | 95.85 | 107.56 | -11.71 |
10 | 102.48 | 107.29 | -4.81 |
11 | 102.60 | 116.92 | -14.31 |
12 | 104.35 | 117.20 | -12.85 |
13 | 107.77 | 119.47 | -11.71 |
14 | 108.63 | 119.16 | -10.53 |
15 | 108.98 | 118.56 | -9.57 |
16 | 108.43 | 115.94 | -7.51 |
17 | 116.01 | 119.34 | -3.33 |
18 | 122.45 | 120.18 | 2.27 |
19 | 125.34 | 128.09 | -2.75 |
20 | 129.96 | 130.02 | -0.05 |
21 | 131.10 | 132.52 | -1.42 |
22 | 131.17 | 132.02 | -0.86 |
23 | 133.95 | 131.90 | 2.04 |
24 | 135.46 | 133.00 | 2.45 |
SOURCE: Author's calculations using SSA program records. | |||
NOTES: Payments are adjusted to 2012 dollars using the CPI-W. | |||
* = statistically significant at the .10 level (two-tailed t-test: months 3, 4, and 5). | |||
** = statistically significant at the .05 level (two-tailed t-test). | |||
*** = statistically significant at the .01 level (two-tailed t-test). |
Month | Treatment group | Control group | Difference |
---|---|---|---|
-12 | 564.71 | 575.53 | -10.82 |
-11 | 567.20 | 571.99 | -4.79 |
-10 | 567.23 | 572.83 | -5.60 |
-9 | 558.91 | 568.19 | -9.27 |
-8 | 553.58 | 585.94 | -32.36* |
-7 | 540.86 | 580.89 | -40.03** |
-6 | 540.65 | 572.24 | -31.59* |
-5 | 548.07 | 568.55 | -20.48 |
-4 | 536.53 | 557.44 | -20.90 |
-3 | 525.72 | 558.47 | -32.75* |
-2 | 523.75 | 559.63 | -35.88* |
-1 | 521.99 | 552.27 | -30.29 |
0 | 521.65 | 557.45 | -35.80* |
1 | 515.51 | 551.56 | -36.05* |
2 | 511.05 | 542.43 | -31.38 |
3 | 512.06 | 527.71 | -15.65 |
4 | 512.71 | 511.62 | 1.09 |
5 | 513.08 | 499.97 | 13.11 |
6 | 515.64 | 506.30 | 9.34 |
7 | 512.82 | 498.66 | 14.16 |
8 | 513.89 | 503.27 | 10.61 |
9 | 511.48 | 503.25 | 8.23 |
10 | 516.93 | 496.89 | 20.04 |
11 | 516.35 | 490.15 | 26.20 |
12 | 513.57 | 488.38 | 25.19 |
13 | 513.33 | 485.82 | 27.51 |
14 | 514.65 | 477.92 | 36.73* |
15 | 510.21 | 477.29 | 32.93 |
16 | 510.58 | 470.33 | 40.25* |
17 | 510.28 | 460.85 | 49.44** |
18 | 507.73 | 460.03 | 47.70** |
19 | 512.61 | 460.37 | 52.24** |
20 | 511.29 | 457.92 | 53.38** |
21 | 507.69 | 453.57 | 54.12** |
22 | 505.49 | 451.89 | 53.60** |
23 | 508.00 | 444.03 | 63.97*** |
24 | 506.53 | 445.99 | 60.54*** |
SOURCE: Author's calculations using SSA program records. | |||
NOTES: Payments are adjusted to 2012 dollars using the CPI-W. | |||
* = statistically significant at the .10 level (two-tailed t-test: months -8, -6, -3, -2, 0, 1, 14, and 16). | |||
** = statistically significant at the .05 level (two-tailed t-test: months -7, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, and 22). | |||
*** = statistically significant at the .01 level (two-tailed t-test: months 23 and 24). |
Month | Treatment group | Control group | Difference |
---|---|---|---|
-12 | 586.42 | 580.66 | 5.76 |
-11 | 589.18 | 591.28 | -2.10 |
-10 | 596.21 | 586.78 | 9.43 |
-9 | 601.92 | 597.29 | 4.64 |
-8 | 603.48 | 598.48 | 5.00 |
-7 | 608.02 | 592.54 | 15.48 |
-6 | 604.63 | 597.91 | 6.73 |
-5 | 607.59 | 596.61 | 10.98 |
-4 | 611.08 | 600.78 | 10.29 |
-3 | 612.81 | 606.80 | 6.01 |
-2 | 613.54 | 608.44 | 5.10 |
-1 | 619.40 | 611.11 | 8.29 |
0 | 617.02 | 595.11 | 21.91 |
1 | 615.46 | 604.10 | 11.36 |
2 | 620.50 | 607.69 | 12.81 |
3 | 617.24 | 606.86 | 10.38 |
4 | 618.69 | 601.43 | 17.26 |
5 | 619.00 | 601.92 | 17.08 |
6 | 610.87 | 601.31 | 9.56 |
7 | 612.05 | 596.24 | 15.81 |
8 | 614.60 | 589.71 | 24.89 |
9 | 618.11 | 588.26 | 29.85* |
10 | 623.26 | 586.59 | 36.67** |
11 | 618.11 | 580.07 | 38.04** |
12 | 612.32 | 574.36 | 37.96** |
13 | 615.72 | 572.10 | 43.62** |
14 | 611.51 | 567.19 | 44.32** |
15 | 611.01 | 571.10 | 39.91** |
16 | 608.24 | 566.08 | 42.16** |
17 | 605.17 | 558.43 | 46.74*** |
18 | 595.12 | 555.16 | 39.95** |
19 | 597.27 | 549.61 | 47.66** |
20 | 593.48 | 547.34 | 46.14** |
21 | 599.62 | 550.54 | 49.08*** |
22 | 602.01 | 546.88 | 55.13*** |
23 | 597.67 | 538.49 | 59.18*** |
24 | 601.30 | 540.10 | 61.20*** |
SOURCE: Author's calculations using SSA program records. | |||
NOTES: Payments are adjusted to 2012 dollars using the CPI-W. | |||
* = statistically significant at the .10 level (two-tailed t-test: month 9). | |||
** = statistically significant at the .05 level (two-tailed t-test: months 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, and 20). | |||
*** = statistically significant at the .01 level (two-tailed t-test: months 17, 21, 22, 23, and 24). |