Bibliography: 2007 SSI Report

The legislative mandate for this report requires inclusion of information about "relevant research on the SSI program by the Social Security Administration (SSA) and others." Section 1 of this appendix describes major ongoing projects. Section 2 presents a bibliography of studies regarding SSI payment levels, recipients, and reform proposals that were published in the past 10 years by both public and private entities.

Using Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) data matched to administrative records, SSA researchers have developed a model of financial eligibility for SSI that has been used to estimate the rate of participation among the eligible elderly and the effects of various options to modify the SSI program (see Davies et al. 2001/2002). The model suggests that the rate of participation among the eligible elderly was about 62 percent in 1991. The comparable participation rate estimate at the end of 1996 was also 62 percent.

The model was also utilized to simulate the potential effects of several approaches to expand the SSI program to fight poverty among the elderly. Approaches focusing on incremental changes in the Federal benefit rate, the general income exclusion, and the resources test appear roughly equally effective in reducing the poverty gap among the elderly on a cost-equivalent basis, while two approaches focusing on relaxing the earned income exclusion are less effective (Davies, Rupp, and Strand, 2004). More recently, the model has been expanded to address SSI participation and financial eligibility among the working-age disabled, and to assess SSI benefit restructuring options for the entire SSI population. The working-aged model allows for the identification of working-aged persons by their SSI financial eligibility, DI insured status, and participation in both programs. The model is currently being used to assess SSI's role in complementing and enhancing the safety net for the working-aged disabled. The model has been used to simulate the effects of several approaches to changing in-kind support and maintenance rules and options for altering the calculation of the Federal benefit rate for certain living arrangement categories. Simulation results are applied to current elderly, working-age, and child SSI populations in order to provide up-to-date estimates for potential program changes. The financial eligibility model has also been utilized to study eligibility for Medicare buy-in programs (see Rupp and Sears 2000; Sears 2001/2002). More recently the model has been extensively utilized to estimate the size of the population potentially eligible for the Medicare Part D low income subsidy.

Additional research using the matched SIPP records focused on the estimation of the prevalence of households and families with multiple SSI recipients and on the assessment of the poverty status of multirecipient households (Koenig and Rupp, 2003/2004). In another study, the 1984 SIPP survey respondents were followed up for 14 years based on administrative records on SSI and DI participation and death events to assess the relationship between self-reported health status, disabilities, mortality, and participation in the SSI and DI programs (Rupp and Davies, 2004). Currently ongoing work using the 1996 SIPP survey matched to SSI and DI administrative records replicates key results from this analysis of the 1984 matched data set, and expands the analysis on the basis of month-to-month SSI and DI participation data through the end of 2006.

In 2003 and again in 2005 SSA provided funding for interviewing supplemental samples of SSI and DI beneficiaries to increase the SIPP sample size available for analyses of these target groups. SSA is also providing substantial technical expertise to efforts by the Census Bureau to design a SIPP replacement survey, to be called the Dynamics of Economic Well-Being System. SSA's input into the redesign effort includes critical data needs for future relevant research on the SSI program.

The National Survey of SSI Children and Families (NSCF) was designed to address a number of SSA policy and program objectives. Originally, the NSCF was envisioned to address issues specifically pertaining to the effects of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (welfare reform). However, the survey as designed is useful for the study of a broader range of issues of current interest to policy makers. Most importantly it allows for the analysis of a nationally representative cross-section of SSI beneficiary children aged 0-17 and young-adults aged 18-23. Among the questions the survey answers are the following:

What are the characteristics of SSI children?

What alternative sources of care are available to disabled children who lose SSI benefits?

How is quality of life and utilization of medical services impacted by gaining or losing SSI benefits?

What is the cost of caring for a child with disabilities?

What are the uses of SSI benefits?

What is the impact of the nature and severity of the child's disabilities on parental labor force participation?

The first NSCF data collection began July 2001 and concluded June 2002. The NSCF sample size was considerably larger for SSI children and young adults than the sample size available in other surveys. Altogether, 8,535 interviews were completed for the NSCF, including 5,006 who received SSI benefits in December 2000 and 5,033 who received SSI benefits in December 1996. A public use file and documentation from the NSCF are available on the SSA website at http://www.socialsecurity.gov/disabilityresearch/nscf.htm. In addition, two papers have been published in the Social Security Bulletin. Davies and Rupp (2005/2006) provides an overview of the survey and describes some key features. Rupp et al. (2005/2006) presents highlights from the survey characterizing SSI children with disabilities and their families. Research with NSCF data is currently underway to study employment and caregiving patterns of parents of SSI children to examine employment and program outcomes among young adults after their eligibility redetermination at age 18, and to analyze factors affecting out-of-pocket medical expenses and unmet health care needs of disabled children.

The NSCF is providing valuable insights into SSA priorities. Although it was a cross-sectional data collection effort, longitudinal data on SSI program participation are being added to the NSCF through continuing efforts to update the match between NSCF and SSI administrative records.

The Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act of 1999 requires the Commissioner of Social Security to provide for independent evaluations to assess the effectiveness of the Ticket to Work program, and to submit three separate evaluation reports to Congress. In May 2003, SSA awarded two 5-year contracts to Mathematica Policy Research to conduct the evaluation of the Ticket to Work program. The first contract focuses on data development, qualitative data collection, and implementation of the comprehensive evaluation analyses. The second contract focuses on a survey of beneficiaries which is designed to collect information on the health and well-being of beneficiaries and on how beneficiaries use the Ticket to Work program.

The first evaluation report was submitted to Congress in 2004 and found low but growing participation rates, but with State vocational rehabilitation agencies dominating ticket assignments. The report included recommendations for methods to adjust payment rates to ensure adequate incentives for the provision of services by employment networks (see Thornton, et al. 2004)¹.

SSA also published the first interim evaluation report early in 2006 (see Thornton, et al. 2006)¹. That report included early survey results which found only about 36 percent of ticket-eligible beneficiaries were aware of the ticket program even though many beneficiaries have personal goals that include work and career advancement. Growth in EN participation in the ticket program was also found to be difficult and there was evidence provider interest in the program is waning due to concerns that the program is too risky.

Rounds one, two, and three of the National Beneficiary Survey (NBS) have concluded with an overall response rate of 78 percent. SSA now has completed interviews with more than 20,000 beneficiaries with disabilities. Comprehensive analysis of the first round survey data will be included in the next evaluation report for Congress, expected in 2007.

In fiscal years 2003-05, SSA's appropriations included earmarked funds totaling $24 million to conduct outreach to homeless and other under-served populations in support of the President's initiative to end chronic homelessness within 10 years. In 2004, SSA awarded funds to 41 service providers in 20 States and the District of Columbia that currently provide outreach services to the homeless population. The service providers began enrolling project participants in September 2004. As of October 31, 2006, HOPE grantees assisted 6,764 homeless individuals with their applications for SSI. Of those, 1,982 have been awarded SSI benefits based on disability.

The HOPE initiative is focused on assisting eligible, homeless individuals in applying for SSI and DI benefits. The HOPE projects will help SSA demonstrate the effectiveness of using skilled medical and social service providers to identify and engage homeless individuals with disabilities as well as assist them with the application process.

The Youth Transition Demonstration (YTD) began in 2003 with seven cooperative agreements in six States: one each in California, Colorado, Iowa, Maryland, and Mississippi, and two in New York. The YTD will add three new projects to the three current projects (Colorado, New York CUNY and New York Erie) that have elected to use random assignment. The three new sites will be selected from five projects (Florida, Maryland, Vermont, Washington, and West Virginia) that will conduct six-month pilots beginning in 2007. Site selection criteria are under development, but central elements for selection include a site's ability to create strong service delivery projects that can be effectively evaluated using random assignment.

The purpose of each YTD project is to develop innovative systems to assist youth with disabilities to successfully transition from school to work. During this critical period of transition to adulthood, the services provided to youth with disabilities will prepare them for postsecondary education, employment, and economic self-sufficiency.

The projects have established partnerships to improve employment outcomes for youth ages 14-25 who receive SSI or DI payments on the basis of their own disability. The projects provide a broad array of transition-related services and supports to youth who receive or are at risk of becoming eligible to receive SSI or DI benefits. As of January 2007, 232 of 866 YTD participants (27 percent) were employed full-time or part-time. Most are students, so the nature of the work varies widely and some of it is short term (8 percent summer employment). By way of rough comparison, approximately 11 percent of SSI recipients aged 18-21 were working at the end of December 2005 (SSI Disabled Recipients Who Work, 2005).

In March 2007, all of the YTD projects met for the YTD Annual Conference in Denver, Colorado.

In September 2002, SSA and the Department of Labor's (DOL) Employment and Training Administration agreed to fund a 2-year pilot and evaluation of the DPN. In October 2005, DOL and SSA agreed to fund the project for a third year. In June 2006, DOL awarded funds to an additional 13 States and the District of Columbia. As of November 2006, there were approximately 372 DPN positions in 30 States and the District of Columbia.

Disability Program Navigators operate in DOL's One-Stop Career Centers and provide seamless employment services to individuals seeking to enter the workforce. They also provide an important link to the local employment market and facilitate access to programs and services that impact the success of individuals with disabilities who are seeking employment.

SSA has begun the second year of a multi-year project to design, implement, and evaluate PMUs and test their ability to make pediatric medical expertise available to State and Federal adjudicators to assist them to develop and review the most complex childhood disability cases. PMUs are designed to provide adjudicators with sufficient medical documentation to make the right disability determination as early as possible in the process. The Association of University Centers on Disabilities (AUCD) is conducting this demonstration project. AUCD has been working with SSA on the childhood disability determination process since 1999. Four pilot sites are currently operational. The Disability Determination Services (DDS) in six States—Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri, Tennessee and Washington—have been referring cases to three PMU sites since the first quarter of fiscal year 2006. New PMU sites have recently been selected to begin operation this spring serving DDSs in Colorado, Florida, Illinois, Montana, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Utah and Wyoming.

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Ozawa, Martha N. "SSI and Adults with Disabilities." Journal of Disability Policy Studies 13, 3 (2002): 153-162.

________. "SSI for Children with Mental Disorders: Backgrounds and a Study of Participation." Children and Youth Review 21, 6 (1999): 437-462.

Ozawa, Martha N. and Hong-Sik Yoon. "Social Security and SSI as Safety Nets for the Elderly Poor." Journal of Aging and Social Policy 14, 2 (2002): 1-25.

Parent, Rene. "Defined Contribution Pension Plans and the Supplemental Security Income Program." Policy Brief No. 2006-01. Washington, DC: Office of Disability and Income Assistance Policy, Office of Policy, Social Security Administration, March 2006.

Parrott, Thomas M., Lenna D. Kennedy, and Charles G. Scott. "Noncitizens and the Supplemental Security Income Program." Social Security Bulletin 61, 4 (1998): 3-31.

Perrin, James M., Karen Kuhlthau, Susan L. Ettner, Thomas J. McLaughlin, and Steven L. Gortmaker. "Previous Medicaid Status of Children Newly Enrolled in Supplemental Security Income." Health Care Financing Review 19, 4 (Summer 1998): 117-127.

Perrin, James M., Karen Kuhlthau, Thomas J. McLaughlin, Susan L. Ettner, and Steven L. Gortmaker. "Changing Patterns of Conditions Among Children Receiving Supplemental Security Income Disability Benefits." Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 153, 1 (January 1999): 80-84.

Perrin, James M., Susan L. Ettner, Thomas J. McLaughlin, Steven L. Gortmaker, Sheila R. Bloom, and Karen Kuhlthau. "State Variations in Supplemental Security Income Enrollment for Children and Adolescents." American Journal of Public Health 88, 6 (June 1998): 928-931.

Podus, Deborah, Eunice Chang, Mary Lynn Brecht, James A. Swartz, and Douglas M. Anglin. "Drug Use Prevalence among Former SSI DA&A Recipients." Contemporary Drug Problems 30, 1-2 (Spring/Summer 2003): 275-290.

Polen, Lanelle K. "Salvaging a Safety Net: Modifying the Bar to Supplemental Security Income for Legal Aliens." Washington University Law Quarterly 76, 4 (Winter 1998): 1455.

Powers, Elizabeth T. and David Neumark. "The Interaction of Public Retirement Income Programs in the United States." American Economic Review 93, 2 (May 2003): 261-265.

________. The Supplemental Security Income Program and Incentives to Claim Social Security Retirement Early: Empirical Evidence from Matched SIPP and Social Security Administrative Files. Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper No. 2003-036, Michigan Retirement Research Center at the University of Michigan, January 2003.

Powers, Elizabeth T. and David Neumark. The Supplemental Security Income Program and Incentives to Take Up Social Security Early Retirement: Empirical Evidence from Matched SIPP and Social Security Administration Files. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 8670, December 2001.

Powers, Elizabeth T. and Todd Elder. SSI for the Aged and the Problem of Take-Up. Michigan Retirement Research Center Working Paper No. 03-14, Michigan Retirement Research Center at the University of Michigan, January 2004.

Reichman, Nancy E., Hope Corman, and Kelly Noonan. "Effects of Child Health on Sources of Public Support." Southern Economic Journal 73, 1 (July 2006): 136-156.

Roberto, Pamela N., Jean M. Mitchell, and Darrell J. Gaskin. "Plan Choice and Changes in Access to Care over Time for SSI-Eligible Children with Disabilities." Inquiry 42, 2 (Summer 2005): 145-159.

Roberts-DeGennaro, Maria. "Welfare Reform: Impact on Children Under Age 18 Receiving SSI." Journal of Health and Social Policy 14, 2 (2001): 1-24.

________. "Impact of U.S. Federal Welfare Reform Law on Children with Mental Disorders Receiving SSI." Journal of Health and Social Policy 13, 2 (2001): 1-20.

Rogers, Jackie B., Malachy Bishop, and Ralph M. Crystal. "Predicting Rehabilitation Outcome for Supplemental Security Income and Social Security Disability Income Recipients: Implications for Consideration with the Ticket to Work Program." Journal of Rehabilitation 71, 3 (July/August/September 2005): 5-10.

Rogowski, Jeannette A., Lynn A. Karoly, Jacob A. Klerman, Moira Inkelas, Melissa Rowe, and Randall A. Hirscher. Final Report for Policy Evaluation of the Effect of the 1996 Welfare Reform Legislation on SSI Benefits for Disabled Children. RAND Corporation Report DRU-2559-SSA, March 2002.

Rogowski, Jeannette A., Lynn A. Karoly, Jacob A. Klerman, Robert T. Reville, Moira Inkelas, Jill Hoube, Melissa K. Rowe, Narayan Sastry, and Jennifer Hawes-Dawson. Background and Study Design Report for Policy Evaluation of the Effect of the 1996 Welfare Reform Legislation on SSI Benefits for Disabled Children. RAND Corporation Report DRU-1808-SSA, April 1998.

Rosen, Marc I., Thomas J. McMahon, HaiQun Lin, and Robert A. Rosenheck. "Effect of Social Security Payments on Substance Abuse in a Homeless Mentally Ill Cohort." Health Services Research 41, 1 (February 2006) 173-191.

Rupp, Kalman, Alexander Strand, and Paul Davies. "Poverty among Elderly Women: Assessing SSI Options to Strengthen Social Security Reform." Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences 58B, 6 (November 2003): S359-S368.

________. "The Potential of the Supplemental Security Program to Fight Poverty among Elderly Women." In Proceedings of the Sixth Women's Policy Research Conference, The Status of Women: Facing the Facts, Forging the Future, June 8-9, 2001, by the Institute for Women's Policy Research, pp. 265-269. Washington, DC: Institute for Women's Policy Research, Spring 2003.

Rupp, Kalman and David C. Stapleton eds. Growth in Disability Benefits: Explanations and Policy Implications. Kalamazoo, MI: Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1998.

Rupp, Kalman and James Sears. "Eligibility for the Medicare Buy-In Programs, Based on a Survey of Income and Program Participation Simulation." Social Security Bulletin 63, 3 (2000): 13-25.

Rupp, Kalman and Paul S. Davies. "A Long-Term View of Health Status, Disabilities, Mortality, and Participation in the DI and SSI Disability Programs." In Research in Labor Economics, Accounting for Worker Well-Being, Volume 23, edited by Solomon W. Polachek. Amsterdam: Elsevier, JAI Press, 2004.

Rupp, Kalman and Stephen H. Bell eds. Paying for Results in Vocational Rehabilitation: Will Provider Incentives Work for Ticket to Work? Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, 2003.

Rupp, Kalman, Dianne Driessen, Robert Kornfeld, and Michelle Wood. "The Development of the Project NetWork Administrative Records Database for Policy Evaluation." Social Security Bulletin 62, 2 (1999): 30-42.

Rupp, Kalman, Paul S. Davies, Chad Newcomb, Howard Iams, Carrie Becker, Shanti Mulpuru, Stephen Ressler, Kathleen Romig, and Baylor Miller. "A Profile of Children with Disabilities Receiving SSI Benefits: Highlights from the National Survey of SSI Children and Families." Social Security Bulletin 66, 2 (2005/2006): 21-36.

Schmidt, Lucie. Effects of Welfare Reform on the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program. National Poverty Center Policy Brief No. 4, Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan, October 2004.

Schmidt, Lucie and Purvi Sevak. "AFDC, SSI, and Welfare Reform Aggressiveness: Caseload Reductions vs. Caseload Shifting." Journal of Human Resources 39, 3 (Summer 2004): 792-812.

Scott, Charles G. "Identifying the Race or Ethnicity of SSI Recipients." Social Security Bulletin 62, 4 (1999): 9-20.

Scott, Richard and Jim Baumohl. "Decisions to Appeal, Decisions to Approve: Requalification for SSI by Former DA&A Beneficiaries." Contemporary Drug Problems 30, 1-2 (Spring/Summer 2003): 147-168.

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Sim, Joann. "Improving Return-to-Work Strategies in the United States Disability Programs, with Analysis of Program Practices in Germany and Sweden." Social Security Bulletin 62, 3 (1999): 41-50.

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Soss, Joe and Lael R. Keiser. The Political Roots of Disability Claims: How State Environments and Policies Shape Citizen Demand. Institute for Research on Poverty Discussion Paper No. 1292-05, January 2005.

Stapleton, David C. and Adam Tucker. "Will Expanding Health Care Coverage for People with Disabilities Increase their Employment and Earnings? Evidence from an Analysis of the SSI Work Incentive Program." In The Economics of Disability: Research in Human Capital and Development, edited by David S. Salkever and Alan Sorking. Stamford, CT: JAI Press 2000.

Stapleton, David C., David C. Wittenburg, Michael E. Fishman, and Gina A. Livermore. "Transitions from AFDC to SSI Before Welfare Reform." Social Security Bulletin 64, 1 (2001/2002): 84-114.

Stapleton, David C., Michael E. Fishman, Gina A. Livermore, David Wittenburg, Adam Tucker, and Scott Scrivner. Policy Evaluation of the Overall Effects of Welfare Reform on SSA Programs, final report and appendix prepared under contract to the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, Department of Health and Human Services and the Social Security Administration, April 1999.

Strand, Alexander. Social Security Disability Programs: Assessing the Variation in Allowance Rates. ORES Working Paper No. 98, Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics, Social Security Administration, 2002.

Swartz, James A., Arthur J. Lurigio, and Paul Goldstein. "Severe Mental Illness and Substance Use Disorders Among Former Supplemental Security Income Beneficiaries for Drug Addiction and Alcoholism." Archives of General Psychiatry 57, 7 (July 2000): 701-707.

Swartz, James A., Jim Baumohl, and Arthur J. Lurigio. "Termination of Supplemental Security Income Benefits for Drug Addiction and Alcoholism: Research of a Longitudinal Study of the Effects on Former Beneficiaries." Social Service Review 78, 1 (March 2004): 96-124.

Swartz, James A., Kevin M. Campbell, Jim Baumohl, and Peggy Tonkin. "Drug Treatment Participation and Retention Rates among Former Recipients of Supplemental Security Income for Drug Addiction and Alcoholism." Contemporary Drug Problems 30, 1-2 (Spring/Summer 2003): 335-364.

Swartz, James A., Peggy Tonkin, and Jim Baumohl. "The Methodology of the Multi-Site Study of the Termination of Supplemental Security Income Benefits for Drug Addicts and Alcoholics." Contemporary Drug Problems 30, 1-2 (Spring/Summer 2003): 77-121.

Swartz, James A., Zoran Martinovich, and Paul Goldstein. "An Analysis of the Criminogenic Effects of Terminating the Supplemental Security Income Impairment Category for Drug Addiction and Alcoholism." Contemporary Drug Problems 30, 1-2 (Spring/Summer 2003): 391-424.

Sweeney, Eileen P. and Shawn Fremstad. Supplemental Security Income: Supporting People with Disabilities and the Elderly Poor. Washington, DC: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, August 2005.

Szymendera, Scott. Potential Effect of Marriage on Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Eligibility and Benefits. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. RL33675, December 2006.

________. Supplemental Security Income (SSI): Accounts Not Counted as Resources. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. RS22512, September 2006.

Szymendera, Scott. Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI): Proposed Changes to the Disability Determination and Appeals Processes. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. RL33179, April 2006.

________. Primer on Disability Benefits: Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI). Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. RL32279, January 2006.

________. Social Security Administration: Suspension of Benefits for Fugitive Felons. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. RS22355, December 2005.

Szymendera, Scott and Carol D. Davis. Supplemental Security Income (SSI): Benefit Changes for California Residents, 2006 and 2007. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. RS22365, January 2006.

Thornton, Craig, Gina Livermore, David Stapleton, John Kregel, Tim Silva, Bonnie O'Day, Thomas Fraker, W. Grant Revell, Jr., Heather Schroeder, and Meredith Edwards. Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program: Initial Evaluation Report. Report prepared under contract to the Office of Disability and Income Security Programs, Social Security Administration, February 2004.

Thornton, Craig, Thomas Fraker, Gina Livermore, David Stapleton, Bonnie O'Day, Tim Silva, Emily Sama Martin, John Kregel, and Debra Wright. Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program: Implementation Experience During the Second Two Years of Operation (2003-2004). Report prepared under contract to the Office of Disability and Income Security Programs, Social Security Administration, January 2006.

U.S. General Accounting Office. Supplemental Security Income: Sustained Management Attention Needed to Address Residency Violations. Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Human Resources, Committee on Ways and Means. U.S. House of Representatives. GAO-04-789T, 2004.

________. Supplemental Security Income: SSA Could Enhance Its Ability to Detect Residency Violations. Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Human Resources, Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives. GAO-03-724, 2003.

________. Supplemental Security Income: Progress Made in Detecting and Recovering Overpayments, but Management Attention Should Continue. Report to the Commissioner of Social Security. GAO-02-849, 2002.

________. Social Security Administration: Agency Must Position Itself Now to Meet Profound Challenges. Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Social Security, Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives. GAO-02-289T, 2002.

________. Major Management Challenges and Program Risks: Social Security Administration. GAO-01-261, 2001.

________. SSI Disability: Other Programs May Provide Lessons for Improving Return-to-Work Efforts. Report to Congressional Requesters. GAO-01-153, 2001.

________. Social Security Reform: Potential Effects on SSA's Disability Programs and Beneficiaries. Report to the Ranking Member, Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies, Committee on Appropriations. GAO-01-35, 2001.

U.S. General Accounting Office. Supplemental Security Income: Incentive Payments Have Reduced Benefit Overpayments to Prisoners. GAO/HEHS-00-2, 1999.

________. Supplemental Security Income: Additional Actions Needed to Reduce Program Vulnerability to Fraud and Abuse. Report to the Honorable Henry Waxman, Ranking Minority Member, Committee on Government Reform, U.S. House of Representatives. GAO/HEHS-99-151, 1999.

________. Supplemental Security Income: Progress Made in Implementing Welfare Reform Changes—More Action Needed. Report to the Committee on Finance, U.S. Senate, and the Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives. GAO/HEHS-99-103, 1999.

________. SSI Children: Multiple Factors Affect Families' Costs for Disability-Related Services. Report to Congressional Committees. GAO/HEHS-99-99, 1999.

________. Supplemental Security Income: Long-Standing Issues Require More Active Management and Program Oversight. Statement of Cynthia M. Fagnoni, Director, Income Security Issues, Health, Education, and Human Services Division, Before the Subcommittee on Human Resources, Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives. GAO/T-HEHS-99-51, 1999.

________. Supplemental Security Income: Increased Receipt and Reporting of Child Support Could Reduce Payments. Report to the Committees on Finance, U.S. Senate, and Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives. GAO/HEHS-99-11, 1999.

U.S. Government Accountability Office. TANF and SSI: Opportunities Exist to Help People with Impairments Become More Self-Sufficient. Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Human Resources, Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives. GAO-04-878, 2004.

U.S. Library of Congress. Federal Research Division. Vocational Factors in the Social Security Disability Decision Process: A Review of the Literature. Report prepared under an Interagency Agreement for the Social Security Administration, Office of Disability Research, 1998.

U.S. Social Security Administration. Trends in the Social Security and Supplemental Security Income Disability Programs. SSA Publication No. 13-11831, Office of Policy, Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics, August 2006.

________. Simplifying the Supplemental Security Income Program: Challenges and Opportunities. SSA Pub. No. 13-005, Office of Policy, December 2000.

________. The SSI Program at the Millennium. SSA Pub. No. 62-003, Office of Policy, November 2000.

________. Social Security Administration's Report on Supplemental Security Income: Income and Resource Exclusions and Disability Insurance Earnings-Related Provisions. Report to the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives and to the President of the U.S. Senate, March 2000.

________. Management of the Supplemental Security Income Program: Today and in the Future. SSA Pub. No. 05-10103, October 1998.

________. Annual Statistical Supplement to the Social Security Bulletin. SSA Pub. No. 13-11700, Annual Publication of the Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics.

U.S. Social Security Administration. Children Receiving SSI. SSA Pub. No. 13-11830, Annual Publication of the Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics.

________. SSI Annual Statistical Report. SSA Pub. No. 13-11827, Annual Publication of the Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics.

________. SSI Disabled Recipients Who Work. SSA Pub. No. 13-11829, Annual Publication of the Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics.

________. SSI Recipients by State and County. SSA Pub. No. 13-11976, Annual Publication of the Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics.

________. State Assistance Programs for SSI Recipients. SSA Pub. No. 13-11975, Annual Publication of the Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics.

Van Hook, Jennifer V. "SSI Eligibility and Participation Among Elderly Naturalized Citizens and Noncitizens." Social Science Research 29, 1 (March 2000): 51-69.

Van Hook, Jennifer V. and Frank D. Bean. "The Growth in Noncitizen SSI Caseloads 1979-1996: Aging Versus New Immigrant Effects." Journals of Gerontology Series B - Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 54, 1 (January 1999): S16-S23.

Watkins, Katherine E., Deborah Podus, and Emilia Lombardi. "The Health and Mental Health of Disabled Substance Abusers." Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research 28, 2 (May 2001): 205-211.

Watkins, Katherine E., Deborah Podus, Emilia Lombardi, and Audrey Burnam. "Changes in Mental Health and Service Use After Termination of SSI Benefits." Psychiatric Services: A Journal of the American Psychiatric Association 52, 9 (September 2001):1210-1215.

Weiner, Barbara. "Protecting SSI Benefits for Elderly and Disabled Refugees." Human Rights: Journal of the Section of Individual Rights & Responsibilities 31, 2 (Spring 2004): 11-12.

Wentworth, Seyda G. and David Pattison. "Income Growth and Future Poverty Rates of the Aged." Social Security Bulletin 64, 3 (2001-2002): 23-37.

Wheeler, Peter M., John R. Kearney, and Carolyn A. Harrison. "The U.S. Study of Work Incapacity and Reintegration." Social Security Bulletin 64, 1 (2001/2002): 32-44.

Wilschke, Susan. "How many SSI Recipients Live with other Recipients?" Policy Brief No. 2004-03. Washington, DC: Office of Disability and Income Assistance Policy, Office of Policy, Social Security Administration, June 2004.

________. "Improving Child Support Enforcement for Children Receiving SSI." Social Security Bulletin 64, 1 (2001/2002): 16-26.

Wilschke, Susan and Richard Balkus. "Child Support Payments and the SSI Program." Policy Brief No. 2004-02. Washington, DC: Office of Disability and Income Assistance Policy, Office of Policy, Social Security Administration, February 2004.

Wittenburg, David. A Health-Conscious Safety Net? Health Problems and Program Use among Low-Income Adults with Disabilities. New Federalism: National Survey of America's Families No. B-62. Washington, DC: Urban Institute, September 2004. Available at www.urban.org/url.cfm?ID=311065.

Wittenburg, David and Melissa Favreault. Safety Net or Tangled Web? An Overview of Programs and Services for Adults with Disabilities. Assessing the New Federalism, Occasional Paper Number 68. Washington, DC: Urban Institute. November 2003.

Wittenburg, David and Pamela J. Loprest. "Policy Options for Assisting Child SSI Recipients in Transition." Prepared for the Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Advisory Panel. Washington, DC: Urban Institute. October 2003. Available at www.urban.org/url.cfm?ID=410872.

Wittenberg, David and Sandi Nelson. A Guide to Disability Statistics from the Survey of Income and Program Participation. Washington, DC: Urban Institute. February 2006.

Wittenburg, David, David Stapleton, Adam Tucker, and Rick Harwood. "An Assessment of the Representativeness of the SSI DA&A Study Panels." Contemporary Drug Problems 30, 1-2 (Spring/Summer 2003): 123-136.

Wu, Ke Bin. "Sources of Income for Older Persons in 1995." PPI Data Digest 32 (1998): 1-6.

Yelowitz, Aaron S. "Why Did the SSI-Disabled Program Grow So Much? Disentangling the Effect of Medicaid." Journal of Health Economics 17, 3 (June 1998): 321-349.


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2007 Annual Report of the SSI Program