G. Research on Related Topics

The legislative mandate for this report requires inclusion of information about relevant research on the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program by the Social Security Administration (SSA) and others. Section 1 of this appendix describes SSA’s major ongoing projects. Section 2 presents a bibliography of studies regarding SSI payment levels, recipients, and reform proposals published in the past 10 years by both public and private entities. See previous editions for information on prior SSI-related research.

The Retirement and Disability Research Consortium (RDRC) is an interdisciplinary extramural research program funded by SSA through five-year cooperative agreements with research centers at Boston College, the University of Michigan, the National Bureau of Economic Research, and the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The centers organize experts from around the country to produce research on Social Security programs and related topics.

One of the goals of the RDRC is to research and evaluate topics related to SSI and other Federal disability policies. RDRC working papers produced in FY2019 include the following: Cutler and Meara (2019) examine the disparity in pain and DI/SSI benefit receipt by levels of educational attainment. Hembre and Urban (2019) look for evidence of households switching from the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program to SSI. Kurban (2019) examines the impact of payday loans on the financial well-being of DI/SSI beneficiaries. Hamman et al. (2019) examine the incentives for home- and community-based care under the ACA and its implications for SSI. O'Brien (2019) explores the geographic variation in labor force participation, self-reported disability status, and demand for DI/SSI. Hastings (2019) uses administrative records from Rhode Island to examine the impact of benefit receipt on the financial security of SSI beneficiaries. Armour and Zaber (2019) explore whether student loan forgiveness through the Department of Education's Total and Permanent Disability Discharge (TPDD) mechanism increase applications for DI and SSI.

RDRC research funded in previous fiscal years includes the following: Dizon-Ross and Deshpande (ongoing) explore the effects of beliefs about the likelihood of SSI removal at age 18 on human capital investment. Layton et al. (2018) assess the effects of Medicaid policy on healthcare utilization and health outcomes of individuals eligible for SSI. Goodman-Bacon and Schmidt (2018) estimate the effect of the introduction of SSI on participation in state-level transfer programs.

SSA researchers have conducted a number of studies that provide a better understanding of the SSI program, the elderly and disabled target populations, program interactions, and the role of the SSI program in the United States social safety net. Nicholas (2013) as well as Koenig and Rupp (2003/2004) estimate the prevalence, characteristics, and poverty status of SSI recipients living with others on SSI (who are not an eligible spouse) in the context of their individual, family and household units. Bailey and Hemmeter (2014, 2015) used the 2008 SIPP matched to SSA administrative records to examine the characteristics of SSDI and SSI program participants. Hemmeter et al. (2015) compare the outcomes of participants in the Marriott Foundation for People with Disabilities Bridges from School to Work program with non-participating SSI recipients. Another study uses our administrative records from August 2005 through August 2007 to analyze SSI recipients who lived in counties and parishes affected by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita (Davies and Hemmeter 2010). Hemmeter (2012) looks at changes in diagnostic codes following the age-18 redetermination. Hemmeter (2015) looks at the entry of youth onto the SSI program at age 18. Another series of research studies examine the subsequent participation in the SSDI and SSI programs by individuals whose eligibility for those programs ceased through a continuing disability review because of medical improvements (Hemmeter and Stegman 2013; Hemmeter and Bailey 2015). Hemmeter, Mann, and Wittenburg (2017) look at state variation in post-age-18 redetermination outcomes. Rupp (2012) analyzes factors affecting initial disability allowance rates for the SSDI and SSI programs and finds that demographic and diagnostic characteristics of applicants and the local unemployment rate substantially affect the initial allowance rate. Rupp, Hemmeter, and Davies (2015) explore the longitudinal patterns of DI and SSI participation and mortality of child SSI awardees.

Several studies have focused on the participation and outcomes of low birthweight children who may be eligible for SSI. Hemmeter and Davies (2019) document the mortality of infant SSI applicants. Guldi et al. (2018) look at the relationship between low birthweight, SSI, and childhood outcomes. Woodford Martin (2019) compares the SSI take up rates of low birthweight infants in two states.

Using data from the Current Population Survey matched to our administrative records, Nicholas and Wiseman (2009 and 2010) assess the impact of using administrative records on poverty estimation among elderly SSI recipients using the official and alternative definitions of poverty. Wiseman and Ycas (2008) compares the Canadian social assistance program for the elderly with the SSI program, looking at program structure, cost, and consequences for elderly poverty rates. Kemp (2010) conducts a descriptive analysis of the SSI student earned income exclusion. One ongoing study is examining the growth in SSI applications and awards among children. Rupp, Hemmeter, and Davies (2015) looked at SSI children by year and age at award and analyzed transitions (e.g., onto SSDI, off SSDI and SSI, mortality) as they age into adulthood. Parent, Sayman and Kulzer (2012) provide a comprehensive profile of the characteristics of disability beneficiaries with a connection to workers’ compensation or public disability benefits. Parent, Sayman, and Kulzer (2012) found that 8.3 percent of disabled workers who have this connection tend to be economically better off, more frequently middle-aged, male, afflicted with a musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorder, and tend to wait longer to apply for SSDI benefits after onset than the general disabled-worker population.

Several studies highlight interactions between the SSI program and other Federal and State programs. Dushi and Rupp (2013) uses longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study to assess the role of SSI and related social safety net programs in providing a buffer against the potentially adverse effects of disability shocks in the near-elderly population on financial well-being. Coe and Rupp (2013) analyzes whether disability benefit recipients (SSDI and SSI) in States with easier access to health insurance will be more likely to work and exit from SSDI or SSI than their peers in States where health insurance is more difficult to access. Strand (2010) uses matched SIPP records to examine potential eligibility for three major means-tested programs (SSI, Medicaid, and SNAP) among near retirees aged 55-64 and eventual SSI participation upon reaching age 65. A series of studies by Rupp and Riley rely on a linkage of individual-level administrative data from SSA and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. First, Rupp and Riley (2011) analyzes longitudinal patterns of interaction between SSDI and SSI and finds that one quarter of the year 2000 cohort of first-ever, working-age disability awardees received benefits from both programs over a 60-month period. A second paper (Rupp and Riley 2012) finds that SSI facilitates high levels of Medicaid coverage for SSI awardees overall and provides access to Medicaid for many SSDI awardees during the 24-month Medicare waiting period. A third paper (Riley and Rupp, 2014b) tracks expenditures for 2000-2006 for the SSDI, SSI, Medicare, and Medicaid programs and finds that SSI is a relatively low-expenditure program with important implications for the other three programs. A fourth paper (Riley & Rupp 2014a) focuses on estimated cumulative expenditure patterns over the working-age adult portion of the life cycle for the year 2000 awardees for SSDI, SSI, Medicare, and Medicaid. Finally, Rupp and Riley (2016) focuses on the effect of State variations in Medicaid enrollment policies for SSI recipients on Medicaid coverage and expenditures.

Meijer, Karoly, and Michaud (2009, 2010) analyzes eligibility for the Medicare Part D Low Income Subsidy, which relies on a simplified SSI methodology. Martin, Honeycutt, and Hemmeter (2020) document the earnings and SSA benefit outcomes after vocational rehabilitation applications of youth.

The Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act of 1999 (the Ticket Act) required the Commissioner of Social Security to provide independent evaluations to assess the effectiveness of the Ticket to Work program. We conducted all Ticket to Work evaluation reports through an independent evaluation contractor, Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. Our contractor completed the evaluation of the Ticket to Work program in 2013. There are seven Ticket to Work evaluation reports in all, and all reports are available on SSA’s website at www.ssa.gov/disabilityresearch/twe_reports.htm.

The findings through the fourth report indicated that, while the program may have significant potential, we need to improve both beneficiary awareness of the program and employment network (EN) incentives. Partly in response to these findings, we implemented new regulations for the Ticket to Work program in July 2008 to improve EN and beneficiary participation and outcomes. The fifth and sixth reports consist of studies focused on the employment efforts of working-age SSI recipients and SSDI beneficiaries, and on the Social Security work incentives and supports designed to encourage their employment. The seventh (final) report focused primarily on the overall success of the Ticket to Work program and on the effect of the changes to the Ticket to Work regulations in 2008.

Overall, the Ticket to Work evaluation finds that beneficiaries who use Ticket to Work generally like the program, that the program has increased use of return-to-work services, and those who participate in Ticket to Work have better outcomes than those who return to work without the help of SSA-financed employment services. However, we also find that the increase in service use and better outcomes by participants has not translated into net increases in benefit suspension or termination for work or an increase in the number of months spent in suspension or termination for work. This suggests that Ticket to Work has primarily extended the types of services that were available under the program that preceded Ticket to Work, where services were offered only though State vocational rehabilitation agencies, and has achieved the same level of success as before Ticket to Work. More beneficiaries are getting these services now, but the success rate has not measurably changed.

The Ticket to Work evaluation has also produced two by-products that will continue beyond the end of our specific evaluation efforts for the Ticket to Work program that was mandated in the Ticket Act. One of the foundations of the evaluation was an annual research file, the Disability Analysis File (DAF), previously called the Ticket Research File, which contains the agency's disparate administrative data resources for child and working-age adult beneficiaries who have received disability cash benefits from the SSI; Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI); or both programs since 1996. We initially produced the DAF to support the Ticket to Work evaluation, and researchers now use it for a wide array of disability-related research. In 2020 we published a new chartbook based on DAF data titled, “DI & SSI Program Participants: Characteristics & Employment, 2015” (https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/chartbooks/di-ssi-employment/2015/index.html). This chartbook examines the work activity of working-age adult Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) beneficiaries and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) recipients before and after disability award. It covers work activity, employment expectations and characteristics, employment services, and factors affecting employment.

A second foundation of the Ticket to Work evaluation was the National Beneficiary Survey (NBS). In the NBS, we collect information that is not available from our administrative records from a representative sample of SSI and OASDI disability beneficiaries, called the Representative Beneficiary Sample (RBS). Key items of interest in the NBS include work attitudes and work-related activities, health and functional status, education, access to health insurance, household composition, and sources of income. We implemented the first four rounds between 2004 and 2010, with a particular focus on participation in the Ticket to Work program. We completed additional rounds in 2015 and 2017, which included a broader focus on all SSA beneficiaries who work. In particular, the 2017 NBS included both the RBS and a large-scale focus on beneficiaries who have experienced employment success—the Successful Worker Sample (SWS). In 2019, we fielded the next round of the survey, which contains both RBS and SWS components and adds a longitudinal sample of successful workers who were part of the 2017 SWS. Work examining the data from the 2017 NBS is ongoing, and we will begin analysis of the 2019 data when it is released in 2021. In 2017, we published a compendium of disability statistics from the 2015 NBS, “National Beneficiary Survey: Disability Statistics, 2015” (http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/statcomps/nbs/index.html). The publication provides descriptive statistics on the health, program and service participation, employment interest and activity, job characteristics, and benefits and employment interaction of SSI recipients and SSDI beneficiaries. We are updating this publication with 2017 data and plan to release a new compendium in 2020.

Other researchers and policy analysts within SSA and at other Federal agencies and academic institutions use the DAF and the NBS for general disability research and analysis not limited to Ticket to Work program participants. Examples of these papers include: interactions between SSDI and SSI for new beneficiaries with disabilities (Rupp and Riley 2011); the differences in employment outcomes between young participants (ages 18 to 30) with psychiatric disabilities versus young participants with other disabilities (Schimmel, Liu, and Croake 2012); the impact of workplace injuries on receipt of SSDI benefits (O'Leary et al. 2012); work activities and employment outcomes for our beneficiaries with disabilities in seven articles in a special issue of the Social Security Bulletin (volume 71, number 3, 2011); the long-term effects of evidence-based supported employment services on vocational outcomes (Cook, Burke-Miller, and Roessel 2016); the employment and benefit receipt outcomes of vocational rehabilitation applicants (Mann et al. 2017); the income effect of SSDI payments on earnings (Gelber, Moore, and Strand 2016); a profile of working-age SSDI and SSI beneficiaries with psychiatric disabilities (Livermore and Bardos 2017); outcomes for transition-age youth with disabilities who applied and were eligible for Vocational Rehabilitation services (Honeycutt, Martin, and Wittenburg 2017); the characteristics associated with return-to-work success (Ben-Shalom and Mamun, 2015); a review of work incentive use by transition age youth (U.S. Government Accountability Office 2017); an assessment of the cost effectiveness of vocational rehabilitation services for SSA disabled beneficiaries (U.S. Social Security Administration 2017); an examination of how social insurance, family support and work capacity enhance individuals' economic well-being following significant health and income shocks (Rennane 2016); and the effect of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) on SSI disability applications (Schimmel Hyde et al. 2017).

The YTD established partnerships to improve employment outcomes for youths age 14-25 who receive (or could receive) SSI or OASDI payments based on their own disability. The YTD projects included service delivery systems and a broad array of services and supports to assist youth with disabilities in their transition from school to employment and to help them gain economic self-sufficiency.

YTD began in 2003, with seven projects in six States. In 2007, we piloted new projects in five States, choosing three new projects in Florida, Maryland, and West Virginia. These three projects joined three (Colorado; Bronx County, New York; and Erie County, New York) of the original seven projects in a random assignment study. This study will produce the first evaluation of the empirical evidence of the effects of youth transition programs and modified SSI work incentives.

The modified SSI program rules that we tested under the YTD included five program waivers.

The YTD projects in Colorado and New York ended in 2010. The Florida, Maryland, and West Virginia projects ended in 2012. We have released the 12-month, post-random-assignment reports for all the sites to the public. We published a 24-month, post-random-assignment report covering all the sites in the February 2014 edition of the Social Security Bulletin (Hemmeter 2014). We posted the comprehensive final report of the six random assignment projects to our website in November 2014. This demonstration produced mixed evidence on whether YTD impacts on paid employment is sustainable. Camacho and Hemmeter (2013) summarize the findings from two earlier YTD projects.

Two of the six projects showed an increase in employment three years after random assignment. Florida and Bronx, New York showed positive impacts on paid employment during the year after participants entered the evaluation. In Florida, 23 percent of participants in the program group worked for pay during that year, compared with just 13 percent of control group members. Because several youths took advantage of the modified program rules (listed in bullets above), participants of five of the six projects had higher total income from earnings and disability benefits in the third year after random assignment. These impacts ranged from $1,010 higher total income in West Virginia to $1,729 higher in Bronx, New York. The YTD showed that substantial doses of well-designed service to youth with disabilities can improve key transition outcomes in the medium term.

In 2018, three follow up analyses were completed and published. One paper summarized the effects of the YTD interventions three years after random assignment (Fraker et al. 2018). The second paper examined implementation and outcomes in one specific site, the West Virginia Youth Works site (Cobb, Wittenburg, and Stepanczuk 2018). This examination provides a potential case study for other states interested in expanding services to youths with disabilities. The effects at this site were large relative to those of previous SSA demonstrations. Mamun et al. (2018) used YTD data to show that early work experience increases the probability of being employed two years later. We will follow participants using administrative data and conduct cost-benefit analyses at specified periods to test the longer-term outcomes of these projects.

Our findings from YTD influenced the development of Promoting Readiness of Minors in SSI (PROMISE) project, a joint initiative of SSA and the Departments of Education, Health and Human Services, and Labor that funds model demonstration projects in several States to promote positive outcomes for children with disabilities who receive SSI and their families (described in section g).

To determine whether adult disability applicants qualify for benefits, our adjudicators follow a sequential five-step evaluation process. At steps four and five, where we decide the majority of our claims, we require information about work in the national economy to determine whether claimants’ impairment-related limitations would prevent them from working. Currently, we base these medical-vocational decisions on the occupational information found in the Department of Labor's (DOL) Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) and its companion volume, the Selected Characteristics of Occupations. Although DOL did not design the DOT for our use, we incorporated many of its concepts and definitions into our regulations and policy. DOL stopped updating the DOT in 1991 and later replaced it with the Occupational Information Network (O*NET), which we would not be able to use in our disability adjudication process without significant modifications. We could not identify any other existing Occupational Information System (OIS) that would meet our unique needs.

In July 2012, we signed an Interagency Agreement with the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) to test the feasibility of using the National Compensation Survey (NCS) platform to collect updated occupational information about the skill level, physical, environmental, and mental and cognitive requirements of work. With input from SSA, BLS ultimately developed the Occupational Requirements Survey (ORS) to collect the updated occupational data that SSA needs. This information, along with specified information from other occupational sources, will provide us with updated data about work for disability adjudication and inform current and future vocational policy.

In FY 2013 and 2014, BLS conducted feasibility testing and worked with us to improve the survey tools and testing protocols. In FY 2015, we began developing the web-based IT platform, the Vocational Information Tool (VIT), to house and allow adjudicators access to the occupational data. BLS also conducted a nationwide pre-production test and at the end of the fiscal year, began production data collection using the ORS. In FY 2016, BLS completed the first round of ORS data collection and continued testing to resolve any issues raised by earlier data collection. In May 2016, BLS began the second year of collection.

In FY 2017, BLS completed the second year of data collection. BLS released the first-year ORS estimates in December 2016 and the second-year estimates in November 2017. In FY 2018, BLS completed the initial three-year data collection wave, which they published in February 2019. Based on an occupational data shelf-life study, SSA decided to update the occupational data every five years after the initial three-year collection wave. In FY 2019, BLS completed the first year of the first five-year wave update. As part of the update, BLS is using a new sample design that captures requirements for a broader range of occupations in the national economy. SSA continued to analyze the published ORS estimates and began analyzing BLS microdata extensively. Microdata are unit-level data from each respondent to the ORS before the data is aggregated, summarized, and published as occupational estimates. SSA is using the analysis—as well as other research on how the vocational factors of age, education, and work experience influence workforce participation—to assess the feasibility of modernizing its disability policy.

In FY 2020, BLS will complete the second year and publish estimates from the first year of the five-year wave update. SSA and BLS will discuss and determine joint program development activities to ensure that the ORS estimates published by BLS meet SSA's needs. Staff from both agencies will develop the project materials for these program development activities, which will determine the next steps in conducting agreed-upon research and analyses. At the end of FY 2020, BLS will begin data collection for the third year of the five-year wave update. SSA activities related to VIT development will include developing functionality that will facilitate matching claimant limitations to ORS requirements to assist adjudicators in determining whether work exists in the national economy in significant numbers that an individual can perform.

In FY 2021, BLS will complete data collection for the third year, begin the fourth year, and publish ORS estimates for the second year of the five-year wave update.

The goal of the Homeless with Schizophrenia Presumptive Disability (HSPD) Pilot Demonstration is to improve the economic well-being of adult SSI applicants who are both homeless and diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. We partnered with clinicians and case managers in California from the Health Services Agencies of San Francisco and Santa Cruz counties, the Department of Public Health of the City of San Francisco, and the Department of Mental Health of Los Angeles County, who are actively assisting their clients to navigate the SSI application process and have established relationships with patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder who are also homeless. There were two main features of the project: (1) the SSI application assistance; and (2) the use of presumptive disability (PD). The clinicians and case managers assisted these individuals with gathering supporting medical evidence, coordinating medical appointments, and submitting the SSI application. Along with the SSI application, a Presumptive Disability Recommendation Form, created for this pilot demonstration, was also submitted. Clinicians from the community agencies certified that the applicant met the SSA criteria for a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. To provide economic relief to the applicant while we processed the application, we awarded up to 6 months of SSI payments to the applicant based on PD. Applicants were not required to pay back these payments if we ultimately denied their applications, as long as we did not deny the applications for non-medical reasons; therefore, there must be a high degree of probability that the applicant was disabled when we conferred PD SSI payments. Our field offices generally make PD findings only for specific disability categories, which do not include schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.

Project implementation began in April 2012, with a goal of recruiting at least 200 participants. We met this enrollment goal and completed the implementation phase in April 2014. The community partners identified 260 individuals to assist through the SSI application process. Among the 238 we are using for our evaluation, we approved 223 of these applicants, denied 14, and 1 had no decision.

In our evaluation (Bailey, Engler, and Hemmeter 2016), we examined whether the program improves the administration of the SSI application and determination process. The evaluation is based on a quasi-experimental design, in which we compared outcomes for applicants who receive assistance and PD payments with applicants from a previous period and applicants in surrounding areas. Within this framework, we examined differences in initial allowance rates, appeals, failure-to-cooperate denials, processing times, total payments, exits from SSI, mortality, and the need for consultative exams. Relative to the comparison groups chosen in the surrounding geographic areas, in an earlier period, and in the same locations, we found that the pilot led to higher allowance rates at the initial adjudicative level, fewer requests for consultative examinations, and reduced time to award.

PROMISE is a joint project between SSA and the Departments of Education (ED), Labor, and Health and Human Services. The goals of the project are to improve the provision and coordination of services and supports for children with disabilities who receive SSI and their families in order to achieve improved education and employment outcomes. The targeted outcomes include completing postsecondary education and job training to obtain competitive employment in an integrated setting that may result in long-term reductions in the child recipient's reliance on SSI. In 2013, ED funded model demonstration projects in five individual States (Arkansas, California, Maryland, New York, and Wisconsin) and one consortium of States (Arizona, Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Utah, collectively referred to as Achieving Success by Promoting Readiness for Education and Employment, or ASPIRE) for 5 years. SSA is responsible for evaluating PROMISE.

Each PROMISE project enrolled at least 2,000 youths ages 14-16. The projects provide youths randomly assigned into the treatment group services including: case management; benefits counseling; career and work-based learnings experiences; and parent/guardian training and information. Youths randomly assigned to a control group receive the services usually available in their communities.

The PROMISE evaluation includes process, impact, and cost-benefit analyses. Enrollment began in April 2014 and ended in April 2016. All projects stopped providing services by September 2019. Project-specific process analyses (Anderson et al. 2018; Honeycutt, Gionfriddo, Kauff et al. 2018; Kauff et al. 2018; Matulewicz et al. 2018; McCutcheon et al. 2018; Selekman et al. 2018) and two special topic reports (Honeycutt, Gionfriddo, and Livermore 2018; Honeycutt and Livermore 2018) describe how the projects were implemented and how PROMISE compares with and uses other transition policies and practices. An interim impact and services report was released in 2019 (Mamun et al. 2019). Livermore et al. (2020) summarize the lessons learned from these reports. The final evaluation report (on the longer-term impacts and cost-benefit analyses) will be available in 2022.

The individual projects are also producing research on the projects. A special edition of the Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation included a number of project-specific articles produced by the projects. Schlegelmilch et al. (2019) describe the relationship between work incentive benefits counseling and work in Wisconsin. Golden et al. (2019) describe the community of practice model used in New York State. Hartman et al. (2019) look at employment rates in Wisconsin. Ipsen et al. (2019) look at engagement in services at ASPIRE. Crane et al. (2019) describe the engagement strategies used in Maryland. Williams et al. (2019) look at the predictors of work activities in Arkansas. Luecking et al. (2019) report on lessons about intervention fidelity from Maryland. Enayati and Shaw (2019) estimate bounds on the return on investment for PROMISE projects. Tucker et al. (2019) describe the parent and guardian interventions implemented in California. Saleh et al. (2019) describe the characteristics of effective partnerships in New York State. Chambless et al. (2019) report on the implementation of self-determination training in ASPIRE. Gold et al. (2019) discuss general strategies for recruiting participants across the projects. Anderson, Schlegelmilch, and Hartman (2019) illustrate a cost-benefit analysis in Wisconsin. Anderson and Golden (2019) provide an overview of the special edition.

The Supported Employment Demonstration (SED) evaluates whether offering evidence-based packages of integrated vocational, medical, and mental health services to recently denied disability applicants promotes employment, self-sufficiency, and improved mental health and quality of life. The project focuses on individuals aged 18 to 50 who express a desire to work and who have recently been denied disability benefits (SSDI or SSI) while alleging a mental illness.

With the cooperation of 30 community health centers across the country, SED enrolled and randomly assigned 3,000 participants into one of three groups: 1) The Full-Service Treatment Group; 2) The Basic-Service Treatment Group; or 3) The Control Group (usual services). Participants assigned to the Full-Treatment Group receive Individual Placement and Support (IPS) services, a nurse care coordinator, systematic medication management, and assistance with cost sharing for medications and behavioral health and work-related expenses. Participants assigned to the Basic-Service Treatment Group also receive the IPS services and assistance with behavioral health and work-related expenses, but do not receive the services of a nurse care coordinator providing medication management support. Participants assigned to the control group have access to all standard behavioral health or employment-related services available at the community health center and receive a local Community Resources information book.

The SED project will run from August 2016 to August 2022. Recruitment and participant enrollment began in early FY 2018. Participants receive 36 months of intervention services after entry. Field operations will end in FY 2020 and include technical assistance, training, and data collection activities for process and outcome evaluations. The final evaluation reports will be available in FY 2022.

Several research studies indicate that a large number of low-income seniors do not receive SSI even though they are potentially eligible for payments. In FY 2017, SSA, in partnership with the General Services Administration's Office of Evaluation Science, conducted a pilot to identify what specific language, if any, has the greatest effect on SSI participation among potentially-eligible low-benefit OASDI beneficiaries. In September 2017, we sent one of four differently worded notices to randomly selected groups of low-benefit OASDI beneficiaries meeting the inclusion criteria. We used program records on the rates of SSI applications and awards to measure the effect of the notices on SSI applications as compared to a control group, who did not receive a notice (Hemmeter, Safran, and Wilson 2018). We found the letters increased applications by about 5 percentage points (a relative increase of over 1000 percent) and increased awards by about 1.5 percentage points (a relative increase of over 860 percent). We will continue to analyze the data to see if it is possible to better target such information to potential individuals.

The Promoting Work through Early Interventions Project (PWEIP) is a joint undertaking of the Social Security Administration (SSA) and the Administration for Children and Families (ACF) within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The goal of this partnership is to foster a better understanding of the effects of interventions that aim to improve the employment and economic outcomes of low-income individuals with little or no work history, current or foreseeable disabilities, and ties to the U.S. safety net, who have not yet applied for Supplemental Security Income (SSI). During this partnership, SSA and ACF will support rigorous evaluation of existing employment support and training programs informed by evidence and shown to be promising for SSA and ACF’s population of joint interest. Evaluations of each program will include impact evaluation and implementation research. A select number of evaluations will also include cost analysis.

The partnership leverages two of ACF’s existing evaluation projects by incorporating SSA funds to support the addition of a disability focus. The first ACF project, Building Evidence on Employment Strategies for Low-Income Families (BEES), launched in 2017, will evaluate the effectiveness of innovative programs designed to increase employment and earnings for low-income families, especially those receiving Temporary Assistance for Needy Families. BEES will prioritize evaluating programs that serve adults who have opioid use disorder or abuse of other substances impeding their employment. The second ACF project, the Next Generation of Enhanced Employment Strategies (NextGen) Project, launched in 2018, will evaluate the effectiveness of innovative employment interventions for populations with complex barriers to employment. NextGen has a special interest in interventions that are market-oriented and/or employer-driven. The ACF Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation (OPRE) will oversee BEES and NextGen projects.

Under this partnership, SSA transferred $25 million to ACF to support the evaluation and/or service provision of selected intervention programs that support SSA’s priorities and interests within the BEES and NextGen projects. As of March 2020, SSA has approved its participation and funding of two programs under PWEIP.

The Analyzing Relationships between Disability, Rehabilitation and Work (ARDRAW) Small Grant Program is a grant program that supports innovative student research on rehabilitation, work, and disability topics by awarding one-year stipends to graduate-level students to conduct supervised independent research in these specific areas. The objective of the program is to generate innovative research with fresh perspectives on disability, and also to cultivate new scholars in the disability research fields. The five year grant to manage ARDRAW was awarded to Policy Research, Inc. (PRI) in September 2016 and is renewable annually. In 2019 Cohort 2, which had 13 projects, completed their research. Also in 2019 cohort 3, which had 17 projects, began their research. Currently we are reviewing applications for cohort 4, which will be awarded in April 2020. Information on current and completed projects and application procedures can be found here: https://ardraw.policyresearchinc.org/.

Aizer, Anna, Nora Gordon, and Melissa Kearney. Exploring the Growth of the Child SSI Caseload in the Context of the Broader Policy and Demographic Landscape. NBER Disability Research Center Working Paper No. NB-13-02, National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2013.

Altshuler, Norma, Sarah Prenovitz, Bonnie O’Day, and Gina Livermore. Provider Experiences Under the Revised Ticket to Work Regulations. Final Report. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2011.

Amdur, Mark A. “Disability Determination Under Social Security: Increasing Rates of Approval.” Community Mental Health Journal 55 (2019): 38-41.

Anand, Priyanka and Yonatan Ben-Shalom. Paths Taken By New Awardees of Federal Disability Benefits. DRC Data Brief No. 2016-06, Mathematica Center for Studying Disability Policy, May 2016.

________. “Pathways Taken by New Social Security Disability Insurance and Supplemental Security Income Awardees.” Journal of Disability Policy Studies (2018): DOI: 10.1177/1044207318779987.

Anand, Priyanka and Todd C. Honeycutt. “Long-Term Outcomes for Transition-Age Youth with Mental Health Conditions Who Receive Postsecondary Education Support.” Journal of Disability Policy Studies (2019): DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1044207319848069.

Anand, Priyanka, Jody Schimmel Hyde, Maggie Colby, and Paul O'Leary. “The Impact of Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansions on Applications to Federal Disability Programs.” Forum for Health Economics and Policy 21, 2 (2019): DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/fhep-2018-0001.

Anderson, Catherine A. and Thomas P. Golden. “Improving Post-School Living, Learning and Earning Outcomes of Youth with Disabilities who Receive Supplemental Security Income (SSI): Findings and Recommendations from Six National PROMISE Demonstration Sites.” Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 51, 2 (2019): 111-113.

Anderson, Catherine A., Amanda Schlegelmilch, and Ellie Hartman. “Wisconsin PROMISE Cost-Benefit Analysis and Sustainability Framework.” Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 51, 2 (2019): 253-261.

Anderson, Mary Anne, Gina Livermore, AnnaMaria McCutcheon, Todd Honeycutt, Karen Katz, Joseph Mastrianni, and Jacqueline Kauff. Promoting Readiness of Minors in Supplemental Security Income (PROMISE): ASPIRE Process Analysis Report. Washington, DC: Mathematica Center for Studying Disability Policy, December 2018.

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Honeycutt, Todd, David Wittenburg, Kelli Crane, Michael Levere, Richard Luecking, and David Stapleton. SSI Youth Formative Research Project: Considerations for Identifying Promising and Testable Interventions. Washington, DC: Mathematica Center for Studying Disability Policy, November 2018.

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Levere, Michael, Sean Orzol, Lindsey Leininger, and Nancy Early. “Contemporaneous and Long-Term Effects of CHIP Eligibility Expansions on SSI Enrollment.” Paper presented at 5th Annual Meeting of the Disability Research Consortium, Washington, DC, August 2017.

________. “Contemporaneous and Long-Term Effects of Children's Public Health Insurance Expansions on Supplement Security Income Participation.” Journal of Health Economics 64 (2019): 80-92.

________. How Did Expansions of Children's Public Health Insurance Affect Participation in the Supplemental Security Income Program? DRC Working Paper No. 2019-03, Mathematica Center for Studying Disability Policy, June 2019.

Livermore, Gina A. “Social Security Disability Beneficiaries with Work-Related Goals and Expectations.” Social Security Bulletin 71, 3 (2011): 61-82.

Livermore, Gina A. and Maura Bardos. “Characteristics of Adults with Psychiatric Disabilities Participating in the Federal Disability Programs.” Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 40, 2 (2017): 153-162.

________. Characteristics of SSI and SSDI Beneficiaries Who Are Parents. DRC Data Brief No. 2016-02, Mathematica Center for Studying Disability Policy, January 2016.

Livermore, Gina, Maura Bardos, and Karen Katz. “Supplemental Security Income and Social Security Disability Insurance Beneficiaries with Intellectual Disability.” Social Security Bulletin 77, 1 (2017): 17-40.

Livermore, Gina A., Denise Hoffman, and Maura Bardos. Ticket to Work Participant Characteristics and Outcomes Under the Revised Regulations. Final Report. Report prepared for the Social Security Ad-ministration. September 2012.

Livermore, Gina A. and Todd C. Honeycutt. “Employment and Economic Well-Being of People with and Without Disabilities Before and After the Great Recession.” Journal of Disability Policy Studies 26, 2 (2015): 70-79.

Livermore, Gina A., Todd C. Honeycutt, Arif Mamun, and Jacqueline Kauff. “Insights About the Transition System for SSI Youth From the National Evaluation of Promoting Readiness of Minor in SSI (PROMISE).” Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 52, 1 (2020): 1-17.

Livermore, Gina A., Jody Schimmel Hyde, Yonatan Ben-Shalom, Todd Honeycutt, and David C. Stapleton. “Research to Inform Policy: Contributions of the Mathematica Center for Studying Disability Policy.” Social Security Bulletin 80, 1 (2020): 41-56.

Livermore, Gina, Arif Mamun, Jody Schimmel, and Sarah Prenovitz. Executive Summary of the Seventh Ticket to Work Evaluation Report. Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program, Final (Seventh) Report. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2013.

Livermore, Gina, and Sarah Prenovitz. Benefits Planning, Assistance, and Outreach (BPAO) Service User Characteristics and Use of Work Incentives. Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program, Report 5: Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2011.

Livermore, Gina A., Sarah Prenovitz, and Jody Schimmel. Employment-Related Outcomes of a Recent Cohort of Work Incentives Planning and Assistance (WIPA) Program Enrollees. Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program, Final (Seventh) Report. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2013.

Livermore, Gina A. and Allison Roche. “Longitudinal Outcomes of an Early Cohort of Ticket to Work Participants.” Social Security Bulletin 71, 3 (2011): 105-132.

Livermore, Gina, Allison Roche, and Sarah Prenovitz. Longitudinal Experiences of an Early Cohort of Ticket to Work Participants. Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program, Report 5: Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2011. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2011.

________. SSI and DI Beneficiaries with Work-Related Goals and Expectations. Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program, Report 5: Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2011.

Livermore, Gina, Purvi Sevak, and Marisa Shenk. Declining Employment Among a Growing Group of Work-Oriented Beneficiaries, 2005-2015. DRC Working Paper No. 2019-03, Mathematica Center for Studying Disability Policy, August 2019.

Livermore, Gina, and David Stapleton. Highlights of the Fifth Ticket to Work Evaluation Report. Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program, Report 5: Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2011.

Livermore, Gina, David Stapleton, and Allison Roche. Characteristics, Employment, and Sources of Support Among Working-Age SSI and DI Beneficiaries. Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program, Report 5: Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2011.

Livermore, Gina, Debra Wright, Allison Roche, and Eric Grau. 2006 National Beneficiary Survey: Background and Statistical Tables. Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program, Report 5: Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2011.

Luca, Dara Lee and Purvi Sevak. Child Disability, Maternal Labor Supply, and Household Well-Being. DRC Working Paper No. 2019-09, Mathematica Center for Studying Disability Policy, September 2019.

Luecking, Richard G., Kelli Thuli Crane, Jade A. Gingerich, and Taylor R. Morris. “Intervention Fidelity in a Large Scale Model Demonstration Project: Lessons from Maryland PROMISE.” Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 51, 2 (2019): 235-242.

Mamun, Arif A., Erik W. Carter, and Thomas M. Fraker. “Impact of Early Work Experiences on Subsequent Paid Employment for Young Adults with Disabilities.” Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals 41, 4 (2018): 212-222.

Mamun, Arif, Paul O'Leary, David Wittenburg, and Jesse Gregory. “Employment among Social Security Disability Program Beneficiaries: 1996-2007.” Social Security Bulletin 71, 3 (2011): 11-34.

Mamun, Arif, Ankita Patnaik, Michael Levere, Gina Livermore, Todd Honeycutt, Jacqueline Kauff, Karen Katz, AnnaMaria McCutcheon, Joseph Mastrianni, and Brittney Gionfriddo. Promoting Readiness of Minors in SSI (PROMISE) Evaluation: Interim Services and Impact Report. Report Prepared for the Social Security Administration, July 2019.

Mann, David R., Todd Honeycutt, Michelle Bailey, and John O’Neill. “Using Administrative Data to Explore the Employment and Benefit Receipt Outcomes of Vocational Rehabilitation Applicants Years After Program Exit.” Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 46, 2 (2017): 159-176.

Mann, David R., Arif Mamun, and Jeffrey Hemmeter. “Employment, Earnings, and Primary Impairments Among Beneficiaries of Social Security Disability Programs.” Social Security Bulletin 75, 2 (2015): 19-40.

Mann, David R. and David Stapleton. A Roadmap to a 21st Century Disability Policy. Center for Studying Disability Policy Issue Brief Number 12-01. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. January 2012.

Mann, David R. and David Wittenburg. Back to Work: Recent SSA Employment Demonstrations for People with Disabilities. Center for Studying Disability Policy Issue Brief Number 12-05. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. June 2012.

________. “Starting Behind: Wage and Employment Differentials Between Young Adults with and Without Disabilities.” Journal of Disability Policy Studies 26, 2 (2015): 89-99.

Martin, Frank H., Todd C. Honeycutt, and Jeffrey Hemmeter. “Six-Year Earnings and Disability Benefit Outcomes of Youth Vocational Rehabilitation Applicants.” Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 52, 1 (2020): 75-88.

Martin, Patricia P. Why Researchers Now Rely on Surveys for Race Data on OASDI and SSI Programs: A Comparison of Four Major Surveys, Research and Statistics Note No. 2016-01. Washington, DC: Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics, Office of Retirement and Disability Policy, Social Security Administration, January 2016.

Martin, Patricia P. and John L. Murphy. African Americans: Description of Social Security and Supple-mental Security Income Participation and Benefit Levels Using the American Community Survey, Research and Statistics Note No. 2014-01 Washington, DC: Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics, Office of Retirement and Disability Policy, Social Security Administration, January 2014.

Matulewicz, Holly, Eric Grau, Arif Mamun, and Gina Livermore. Promoting Readiness of Minors in Supplemental Security Income (PROMISE): PROMISE 60-Month Sampling and Survey Plan. Washington, DC: Mathematica Center for Studying Disability Policy, June 2018.

Matulewicz, Holly, Karen Katz, Todd Honeycutt, Jacqueline Kauff, Joseph Mastrianni, Adele Rizzuto, and Claire Smither Wulsin. Promoting Readiness of Minors in Supplemental Security Income (PROMISE): California PROMISE Process Analysis Report. Washington, DC: Mathematica Center for Studying Disability Policy, June 2018.

McCutcheon, AnnaMaria, Karen Katz, Rebekah Selekman, Todd Honeycutt, Jacqueline Kauff, Joseph Mastrianni, and Adele Rizzuto. Promoting Readiness of Minors in Supplemental Security Income (PROMISE): New York PROMISE Process Analysis Report. Washington, DC: Mathematica Center for Studying Disability Policy, November 2018.

Meijer, Erik, Lynn A. Karoly, and Pierre-Carl Michaud. “Using Matched Survey and Administrative Data to Estimate Eligibility for the Medicare Part D Low-Income Subsidy Program.” Social Security Bulletin 70, 2 (2010): 63-82.

Miller, Lucy and John Kregel. Federal Financial Benefits and Health Care Coverage for Veterans with Disabilities. DRC Working Paper No. 2015-03, Mathematica Center for Studying Disability Policy, December 2015.

Miller, Rachel and Gina Livermore. Long-Term Impacts of Employment Interventions Targeted to People with Mental Health Conditions. DRC Brief No. 2019-01, Mathematica Center for Studying Disability Policy, January 2019.

Mirel, Lisa B., Cordell Golden, Jessica M. Keralis, Yeats Ye, Patricia C. Lloyd, and Julie D. Weeks. Evaluating Survey Report of Social Security Disability Benefit Receipt Using Linked National Health Interview Survey and Social Security Administration Data. National Health Statistics Reports No. 131, National Center for Health Statistics, November 2019.

Moore, Timothy J. The Employment Effect of Terminating Disability Benefits. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 19793, January 2014.

Morton, William R. Primer on Disability Benefits: Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI). Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. RL32279, October 2016.

________. Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) Reform: An Overview of Proposals to Manage the Growth in SSDI Rolls. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. R43054, January 2015.

________. Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI): Eligibility, Benefits, Financing. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. R44948, May 2018.

________. Supplemental Security Income (SSI). Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. IF10482, March 2018.

________. Ticket to Work and Self-Sufficiency Program: Overview and Current Issues. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. R41934, January 2014.

Moulta-Ali, Umar. Child Welfare: Social Security and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Benefits for Children in Foster Care. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. RL33855, September 2012.

________. Supplemental Security Income (SSI). Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. 94-486, January 2014.

________. Supplemental Security Income (SSI): Accounts Not Counted as Resources. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. RS22512, August 2011.

________. Supplemental Security Income (SSI): Income/Resource Limits and Accounts Exempt from Benefit Determinations. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Report No. RS20294, January 2014.

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Informing Social Security's Process for Financial Capability Determination. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2016.

________. Mental Disorders and Disabilities Among Low-Income Children. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2015.

________. Psychological Testing in the Service of Disability Determination. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2015.

________. Speech and Language Disorders in Children: Implications for the Social Security Administration's Supplemental Security Income Program. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2016.

Nicholas, Joyce. “Prevalence, Characteristics, and Poverty Status of Supplemental Security Income Multirecipients.” Social Security Bulletin 73, 3 (2013): 11-21.

________. “Source, Form, and Amount of In-kind Support and Maintenance Received by Supplemental Security Income Applicants and Recipients.” Social Security Bulletin 74, 3 (2014): 39-54.

Nicholas, Joyce and Michael Wiseman. “Elderly Poverty and Supplemental Security Income.” Social Security Bulletin 69, 1 (2009): 45-73.

________. “Elderly Poverty and Supplemental Security Income, 2002-2005.” Social Security Bulletin 70, 2 (2010): 1-29.

Nichols, Austin, Lucie Schmidt, and Purvi Sevak. “Economic Conditions and Supplemental Security Income Application.” Social Security Bulletin 77, 4 (2017): 27-44.

Nye-Lengerman, Kelly, Amy Gunty, David Johnson, and Maureen Hawes. “What Matters: Lessons Learned from the Implementation of PROMISE Model Demonstration Projects.” Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 51, 2 (2019): 275-284.

O'Brien, Rourke. “Economic Opportunity and Spatial Variation in Self-Reported Disability and Receipt of SSI & SSDI.” Paper presented at 21st Annual SSA Research Consortium Meeting, Washington, DC, August 2019.

O’Day, Bonnie, Allison Roche, Norma Altshuler, Liz Clary, and Krista Harrison. Process Evaluation of the Work Incentives Planning and Assistance Program. Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program, Report 5: Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports Under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2011.

O’Leary, Paul, Leslie I. Boden, Seth A. Seabury, Al Ozonoff, and Ethan Scherer. “Workplace Injuries and the Take-Up of Social Security Disability Benefits.” Social Security Bulletin 72, 3 (2012): 1-17.

O’Leary, Paul, Gina A. Livermore, and David C. Stapleton. “Employment of Individuals in the Social Security Disability Programs.” Social Security Bulletin 71, 3 (2011): 1-10.

O’Neill, John, Arif A. Mamun, Elizabeth Potamites, Fong Chan, and Elizabeth da Silva Cordoso. “Return to Work of Disability Insurance Beneficiaries Who Do and Do Not Access State Vocational Rehabilitation Agency Services.” Journal of Disability Policy Studies 26, 2 (2015): 111-123.

Pardoe, Rachel. Understanding Supplemental Security Income (SSI): A Guide for TANF Staff Members, OPRE Report 2013-50, Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation; Administration for Children and Families; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, December 2013.

Parent, Rene, Incigul Sayman, and Kevin Kulzer. Profile of Social Security Disabled Workers and Dependents Who Have a Connection to Workers’ Compensation or Public Disability Benefits. Research and Statistics Note No. 2012-03. Washington, DC: Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics, Office of Retirement and Disability Policy, Social Security Administration, September 2012.

Parolin, Zachary and Christiaan Luigjes. “Incentive to Retrench? Investigating the Interactions of State and Federal Social Assistance Programs After Welfare Reform.” Social Service Review 93, 2 (2019): 305-339.

Pellegrini, Lawrence C. and Kimberley H. Geissler. “Supplemental Security Income Enrollment and Health Care and Social Assistance Employment and Wages.” The International Journal of Health Planning and Management 34, 4 (2019): 1319-1332.

Perrin, James M., Amy Houtrow, Kelly Kelleher, Kimberly Hoagwood, Ruth E.K. Stein, and Bonnie Zima. “Supplemental Security Income Benefits for Mental Disorders” Pediatrics 138, 1 (2016): DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-0354.

Prenovitz, Sarah. Service Providers’ Experiences Under the Revised Ticket to Work Regulations. Center for Studying Disability Policy Issue Brief Number 12-04. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., February 2012.

Prenovitz, Sarah, Maura Bardos, and Bonnie O’Day. Ticket to Work After the Release of the 2008 Revised Regulations: Progress and Prospects. Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program, Final (Seventh) Report. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2012.

Pulcini, Christian D., Milton Kotelchuck, Karen A. Kuhlthau, Alixandra A. Nozzolillo, and James M. Perrin. “Potential Savings from Redetermining Disability Among Children Receiving Supplemental Security Income Benefits.” Academic Pediatrics 12, 6 (2012): 489-494.

Rennane, Stephanie Louisa. “Essays on the Effects of Social Security Insurance for Disability.” Dissertation, University of Maryland, 2016.

Riley, Gerald F., and Kalman Rupp. “Cumulative Expenditures Under the DI, SSI, Medicare, and Medicaid Programs for a Cohort of Disabled Working-Age Adults.” Health Services Research (2014b): DOI: 10.1111/1475-6773.12219.

________. “Expenditure Patterns Under the Four Major Public Cash Benefit and Health Insurance Programs for Working-Age Adults with Disabilities.” Journal of Disability Policy Studies 25, 2 (2014a): 71-80.

Robinson, Lara R., Russell F. McCord, Lindsay K. Cloud, Jennifer W. Kaminski, Amy Cook, Jessica Amoroso, Maya Hazarika Watts, Kim Kotzky, Caroline M. Barry, Rebecca Johnson, and Kelly J. Kelleher. “Trends over Time and Jurisdiction Variability in Supplemental Security Income and State Supplementary Payment Programs for Children with Disabilities.” Journal of Public Health Management and Practice 26 (2020): DOI: 10.1097/PHH.0000000000001122.

Rupp, Kalman. “Factors Affecting Initial Disability Allowance Rates for the Disability Insurance and Supplemental Security Income Programs: The Role of the Demographic and Diagnostic Composition of Applicants and Local Labor Market Conditions.” Social Security Bulletin 72, 4 (2012): 11-36.

Rupp, Kalman, Jeffrey Hemmeter, and Paul S. Davies. “Longitudinal Patterns of Disability Program Participation and Mortality Across Childhood SSI Award Cohorts.” Social Security Bulletin 75, 1 (2015): 35-64.

________. “Longitudinal Patterns of Medicaid and Medicare Coverage Among Disability Cash Benefits Awardees.” Social Security Bulletin 72, 3 (2012): 19-35.

________. “Longitudinal Patterns of Participation in the Social Security Disability Insurance and Supplemental Security Income Programs for People with Disabilities.” Social Security Bulletin 71, 2 (2011): 25-51.

Rupp, Kalman and Gerald F. Riley. “State Medicaid Eligibility and Enrollment Policies and Rates of Medicaid Participation among Disabled Supplemental Security Income Recipients.” Social Security Bulletin 76, 3 (2016): 17-40.

Saleh, Matthew C., Leslie Shaw, Valerie Malzer, and Michelle Podolec. “Interagency Collaboration in Transition to Adulthood: A Mixed Methods Approach to Identifying Promising Practices and Processes in the NYS PROMISE Project.” Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 51, 2 (2019): 183-198.

Sannicandro, Thomas, Susan L. Parish, Steve Fournier, Monika Mitra, and Maria Paiewonsky. “Employment, Income, and SSI Effects of Postsecondary Education for People with Intellectual Disability.” American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 123, 5 (2018): 412-425.

Schimmel, Jody. New Evidence on the Role of Provider Business Model in the Economic Viability of Employment Networks in Ticket to Work. Center for Studying Disability Policy Issue Brief Number 13-04. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., July 2013.

________. Regulatory Changes and the Recession: How Did They Affect Ticket to Work Participants' Employment Efforts. Center for Studying Disability Policy Issue Brief Number 13-03. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., July 2013.

Schimmel, Jody, Su Liu, and Sarah Croake. “Employment Experiences of Young Medicaid Buy-In Participants with Psychiatric Disabilities” Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 2012 Winter, 259-64.

Schimmel, Jody, Bonnie O'Day, and Allison Roche. “The Work Incentives Planning and Assistance Program: Promoting Employment Among Social Security Disability Beneficiaries.” Center for Studying Disability Policy Issue Brief Number 11-05. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., January 2012.

Schimmel, Jody, Allison Roche, and Gina Livermore. Evaluation of the Recent Experience of the Work Incentives Planning and Assistance (WIPA) Program: Beneficiaries Served, Services Provided, and Pro- gram Costs. Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program, Final (Seventh) Report. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2011.

Schimmel, Jody and David C. Stapleton. “Disability Benefits Suspended or Terminated Because of Work.” Social Security Bulletin 71, 3 (2011): 83-103.

________. How Many Disability Beneficiaries Forgo Cash Benefits Because of Work? Evidence from a New Measure. Center for Studying Disability Policy Issue Brief Number 12-03. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., February 2012.

Schimmel, Jody, David Stapleton, David R. Mann, and Dawn Phelps. Participant and Provider Outcomes Since the Inception of Ticket to Work and the Effects of the 2008 Regulatory Changes. Evaluation of the Ticket to Work Program, Final (Seventh) Report. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, 2013.

Schlegelmilch, Amanda, Matthew Roskowski, Cayte Anderson, Ellie Hartman, Heidi Decker-Maurer. “The Impact of Work Incentives Benefits Counseling on Employment Outcomes of Transition-Age Youth Receiving Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Benefits.” Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 51, 2 (2019): 127-136.

Schmidt, Lucie. “The Supplemental Security Income Program and Welfare Reform.” Public Policy Discussion Paper 12-3, Boston, MA: Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, May 2012.

________. “Supplemental Security Income, Welfare Reform, and the Recession.” Communities & Banking 24, 3 (2013): 20-21.

Schmidt, Lucie and Purvi Sevak. “Child Participation in Supplemental Security Income: Cross- and Within-State Determinants of Caseload Growth.” Journal of Disability Policy Studies 28, 3 (2017): 131-140.

Schmidt, Lucie, Lara Shore-Sheppard, and Tara Wilson. The Impact of the ACA Medicaid Expansion on Disability Program Applications. NBER Disability Research Center Paper No. NB-18-14, National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2019.

Selekman, Rebekah, Mary Anne Anderson, Todd Honeycutt, Karen Katz, Jacqueline Kauff, Joseph Mastrianni, and Adele Rizzuto. Promoting Readiness of Minors in Supplemental Security Income (PROMISE): Wisconsin PROMISE Process Analysis Report. Washington, DC: Mathematica Center for Studying Disability Policy, July 2018.

Sevak, Purvi. What Have We Learned About SSI Receipt Among Children? DRC Brief No. 2018-06, Mathematica Center for Studying Disability Policy, December 2018.

Sevak, Purvi and Lucie Schmidt. What Can We Learn from County-Level Variation in Child SSI Participation Rates? DRC Data Brief No. 2016-08, Mathematica Center for Studying Disability Policy, June 2016.

Shafrin, Jason, Howard Z. Thom, Daisy Gaunt, Lauren M. Zhao, George J. Joseph, Menaka Bhor, Avery A. Rizio, Lanetta Bronte-Hall, and Nirmish Shah. “How Does Sickle Cell Disease Severity Affect Patient Collection of Disability Insurance and Income: An Analysis of US Survey Data?” Blood 134, Supplement_1 (2019): 5781.

Skemer, Melanie and Brian Bayes. Examining the Interaction Between Welfare and Disability: Lessons from an In-Depth Data Analysis, OPRE Report 2013-49, Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation; Administration for Children and Families; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, December 2013.

Smalligan, Jack and Chantel Boyens. “Improving the Supplemental Security Income Program for Adults with Disabilities.” Washington, DC: Urban Institute. April 2019.

Smith-Kaprosy, Nolan, Patricia P. Martin, and Kevin Whitman. “An Overview of American Indians and Alaskan Natives in the Context of Social Security and Supplemental Security Income.” Social Security Bulletin 72, 4 (2012): 1-10.

Sonik, Rajan A. and Monika Mitra. “Food Insecurity Patterns Before and After Initial Receipt of Supplemental Security Income.” Public Health Nutrition 22, 10 (2019): 1909-1913.

Sonik, Rajan A., Susan L. Parish, and Monika Mitra. “Association of Health Status with Receipt of Supplemental Security Income Among Individuals with Severe Disabilities and Very Low Income and Assets.” JAMA Internal Medicine 179, 6 (2019): 842-843.

Stahl, Anne, Jody Schimmel Hyde, and Harnam Singh. The Effect of a 1999 Rule Change on Obesity as a Factor in Social Security Disability Determinations. DRC Working Paper No. 2016-01, Mathematica Center for Studying Disability Policy, February 2016.

Stapleton, David, Burt Barnow, Kevin Coleman, Kimberly Dietrich, Jeff Furman, and Gilbert Lo. Labor Market Conditions, Socioeconomic Factors, and the Growth of Applications and Awards for SSDI and SSI Disability Benefits, final report and appendix prepared under contract to the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, Department of Health and Human Services and the Social Security Administration, May 23, 1995.


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2020 Annual Report of the SSI Program