2001 OASDI Trustees Report
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D. LONG-RANGE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

This appendix presents estimates which illustrate the sensitivity of the long-range actuarial status of the OASDI program to changes in selected individual assumptions. The estimates based on the three alternative sets of assumptions (see sections IV.B, V.A, and V.B) illustrate the effects of varying all of the principal assumptions simultaneously in order to portray a generally more optimistic or pessimistic future, in terms of the financial status of the OASDI program. In the sensitivity analysis presented in this appendix, alternative II is used as the reference point, and one assumption at a time is varied within that alternative. Similar variations in the selected assumptions within the other alternatives would result in similar relative variations in the long-range estimates.

Each table that follows shows the effects of changing a particular assumption of the OASDI summarized income rate, summarized cost rates, and actuarial balances for 25-year, 50-year, and 75-year valuation periods. Because the annual payroll tax rate is constant for the entire 75-year valuation period, the income rate varies only slightly with changes in assumptions and, therefore, is not considered in the discussion of the tables. The change in each of the actuarial balances is approximately equal to the change in the corresponding cost rate, but in the opposite direction.

1. Total Fertility Rate

Table VI.D1 shows the estimated OASDI income rates, cost rates, and actuarial balances, on the basis of alternative II with various assumptions about the ultimate total fertility rate. These assumptions are that the ultimate total fertility rate will be 1.7, 1.95, and 2.2 children per woman as assumed for alternatives III, II, and I, respectively. The rate is assumed to change gradually from its current level and to reach the various ultimate values in 2025.

Table VI.D1.- Sensitivity to Varying Fertility Assumptions
[As a percentage of taxable payroll]
Valuation period
Ultimate total fertility rate1
1.7
1.95
2.2
Summarized income rate:
25-year: 2001-25
14.02
14.03
14.03
50-year: 2001-50
13.67
13.66
13.65
75-year: 2001-75
13.61
13.58
13.55
Summarized cost rate:
25-year: 2001-25
12.96
12.98
12.99
50-year: 2001-50
14.77
14.70
14.61
75-year: 2001-75
15.75
15.44
15.12
Actuarial balance:
25-year: 2001-25
+1.07
+1.05
+1.04
50-year: 2001-50
-1.10
-1.03
-.95
75-year: 2001-75
-2.14
-1.86
-1.57
Year of combined trust fund exhaustion
2038
2038
2038

1 The total fertility rate for any year is the average number of children who would be born to a woman in her lifetime if she were to experience the birth rates by age observed in, or assumed for, the selected year, and if she were to survive the entire childbearing period. The ultimate total fertility rate is assumed to be reached in 2025.

For the 25-year period, the cost rate for the three fertility assumptions varies by only about 0.03 percent of taxable payroll. In contrast, the 75-year cost rate varies over a wide range, decreasing from 15.75 to 15.12 percent, as the assumed ultimate total fertility rate increases from 1.7 to 2.2. Similarly, while the 25-year actuarial balance varies by only 0.03 percent of taxable payroll, the 75-year actuarial balance varies over a much wider range, from 2.14 to -1.57 percent.

During the 25-year period, the very slight increases in the working population resulting from increases in fertility are more than offset by decreases in the female labor force and increases in the number of child beneficiaries. Hence, the program cost slightly increases with higher fertility. For the 75-year long-range period, however, changes in fertility have a relatively greater impact on the labor force than on the beneficiary population. As a result, an increase in fertility significantly reduces the cost rate. Each increase of 0.1 in the ultimate total fertility rate increases the long-range actuarial balance by about 0.11 percent of taxable payroll.

2. Death Rates

Table VI.D2 shows the estimated OASDI income rates, cost rates, and actuarial balances, on the basis of alternative II with various assumptions about future reductions in death rates for the period 2000-75. These assumptions are the same as those used for alternatives I, II, and III, which are described in section V.A2. The age-sex-adjusted death rates decline at average annual rates of 0.26 percent, 0.68 percent, and 1.23 percent for alternatives I, II, and III, respectively. It should be noted that these reductions do not apply uniformly to all ages, as some variation by age was assumed consistent with the objective of selecting assumptions for alternatives I and III that are relatively more optimistic and more pessimistic, respectively, in terms of the financing of the OASDI program.

Table VI.D2.- Sensitivity to Varying Death-Rate Assumptions
[As a percentage of taxable payroll]
Valuation period
Average annual death-rate reduction1
0.26 percent
0.68 percent
1.23 percent
Summarized income rate:
25-year: 2001-25
14.02
14.03
14.03
50-year: 2001-50
13.64
13.66
13.68
75-year: 2001-75
13.55
13.58
13.61
Summarized cost rate:
25-year: 2001-25
12.79
12.98
13.15
50-year: 2001-50
14.21
14.70
15.20
75-year: 2001-75
14.73
15.44
16.22
Actuarial balance:
25-year: 2001-25
+1.23
+1.05
+.88
50-year: 2001-50
-.57
-1.03
-1.52
75-year: 2001-75
-1.18
-1.86
-2.61
Year of combined trust fund exhaustion
2043
2038
2035

1 The average annual death-rate reduction is the average annual decline in the age-sex-adjusted death rate during 2000-75. The overall decreases from the age-sex-adjusted death rate in 2000 to the corresponding rate in 2075 are, in order, 17 percent, 40 percent, and 60 percent.

The variation in cost for the 25-year period is less pronounced than the variation for the 75-year period because the decreases in death rates are assumed to occur gradually. The 25-year cost rate increases from 12.79 percent (for an average annual death-rate reduction of 0.26 percent) to 13.15 percent (for an average annual death-rate reduction of 1.23 percent). The 75-year cost rate increases from 14.73 to 16.22 percent. The actuarial balance decreases from +1.23 to +0.88 percent for the 25-year period, and from -1.18 to -2.61 percent for the 75-year period.

Lower death rates cause both the income (as well as taxable payroll) and the outgo of the OASDI program to be higher than they would otherwise be. The relative increase in outgo, however, exceeds the relative increase in taxable payroll. For any given year, reductions in the death rates for people who have attained the retirement eligibility age of 62 (people whose death rates are the highest) increase the number of retired-worker beneficiaries (and, therefore, the amount of retirement benefits paid) without adding significantly to the number of covered workers (and, therefore, to the taxable payroll). Although reductions for people aged 50 to retirement eligibility age do result in significant increases to the taxable payroll, those increases are not large enough to offset the sum of the additional retirement benefits mentioned above and the disability benefits paid to additional beneficiaries at these pre-retirement ages, which are ages of high disability incidence. At ages under 50, death rates are so low that even substantial reductions would not result in significant increases in the numbers of covered workers or beneficiaries. Consequently, if death rates for all ages are lowered by about the same relative amount, outgo increases at a rate greater than the rate of growth in payroll, thereby resulting in higher cost rates and, therefore, lower actuarial balances. Each additional 0.1-percentage-point reduction in the average annual deathrate reduction, relative to the 0.68-percent reduction assumed for alternative II, decreases the long-range actuarial balance by about 0.15 percent of taxable payroll.

3. Net Immigration

Table VI.D3 shows the estimated OASDI income rates, cost rates, and actuarial balances, under alternative II with various assumptions about the magnitude of net immigration. These assumptions are that the annual net immigration will be 655,000 persons, 900,000 persons, and 1,210,000 persons as assumed for alternatives III, II, and I, respectively.

Table VI.D3.- Sensitivity to Varying Net-Immigration Assumptions
[As a percentage of taxable payroll]
Valuation period
Net immigration per year
655,000
900,000
1,210,000
Summarized income rate:
25-year: 2001-25
14.04
14.03
14.01
50-year: 2001-50
13.68
13.66
13.64
75-year: 2001-75
13.60
13.58
13.55
Summarized cost rate:
25-year: 2001-25
13.04
12.98
12.89
50-year: 2001-50
14.81
14.70
14.52
75-year: 2001-75
15.57
15.44
15.25
Actuarial balance:
25-year: 2001-25
+1.00
+1.05
+1.12
50-year: 2001-50
-1.13
-1.03
-.89
75-year: 2001-75
-1.98
-1.86
-1.69
Year of combined trust fund exhaustion
2037
2038
2040

For all three periods, the cost rate decreases with increasing rates of net immigration. For the 25-year period, the cost rate decreases from 13.04 percent of taxable payroll (for annual net immigration of 655,000 persons) to 12.89 percent (for annual net immigration of 1,210,000 persons). For the 50-year period, it decreases from 14.81 percent to 14.52 percent, and for the 75-year period, it decreases from 15.57 percent to 15.25 percent. The actuarial balance increases from +1.00 to +1.12 percent for the 25-year period, from 1.13 to -0.89 for the 50-year period, and from -1.98 to -1.69 percent for the 75-year period.

The cost rate decreases with increasing rates of net immigration because immigration occurs at relatively young ages, thereby increasing the numbers of covered workers earlier than the numbers of beneficiaries. Each additional group of 100,000 immigrants relative to the 900,000 net immigration assumed for alternative II, increases the long-range actuarial balance by about 0.05 percent of taxable payroll.

4. Real-Wage Differential

Table VI.D4 shows the estimated OASDI income rates, cost rates, and actuarial balances, on the basis of alternative II with various assumptions about the real-wage differential. These assumptions are that the ultimate real-wage differential will be 0.5 percentage point, 1.0 percentage point, and 1.5 percentage points as assumed for alternatives III, II, and I, respectively. In each case, the ultimate annual increase in the CPI is assumed to be 3.3 percent (as assumed for alternative II), yielding ultimate percentage increases in average annual wages in covered employment of 3.8, 4.3, and 4.8 percent under alternatives III, II, and I, respectively.

For the 25-year period, the cost rate decreases from 13.36 percent (for a real-wage differential of 0.5 percentage point) to 12.60 percent (for a differential of 1.5 percentage points). For the 50-year period, it decreases from 15.26 to 14.13 percent, and for the 75-year period it decreases from 16.04 to 14.83 percent. The actuarial balance increases from +0.74 to +1.35 percent for the 25-year period, from 1.51 to -0.56 for the 50-year period, and from -2.36 to -1.35 percent for the 75-year period.

Table VI.D4.- Sensitivity to Varying Real-Wage Assumptions
[As a percentage of taxable payroll]
Valuation period
Ultimate percentage increase in wages-CPI1
3.8-3.3
4.3-3.3
4.8-3.3
Summarized income rate:
25-year: 2001-25
14.10
14.03
13.96
50-year: 2001-50
13.75
13.66
13.57
75-year: 2001-75
13.68
13.58
13.48
Summarized cost rate:
25-year: 2001-25
13.36
12.98
12.60
50-year: 2001-50
15.26
14.70
14.13
75-year: 2001-75
16.04
15.44
14.83
Actuarial balance:
25-year: 2001-25
+.74
+1.05
+1.35
50-year: 2001-50
-1.51
-1.03
-.56
75-year: 2001-75
-2.36
-1.86
-1.35
Year of combined trust fund exhaustion
2034
2038
2044

1 The first value in each pair is the assumed ultimate annual percentage increase in average wages in covered employment. The second value is the assumed ultimate annual percentage increase in the Consumer Price Index. The difference between the two values is the real-wage differential.

The cost rate decreases with increasing real-wage differentials, because, although the initial benefit levels become gradually higher because of the higher wages, they are more than offset by the immediate effect of those wages on the taxable payroll. In addition, cost-of-living adjustments (COLAs) to benefits are not affected by changes in wages, but only in prices. Each 0.5-percentage-point increase in the assumed real-wage differential increases the long-range actuarial balance by about 0.51 percent of taxable payroll.

5. Consumer Price Index

Table VI.D5 shows the estimated OASDI income rates, cost rates, and actuarial balances, on the basis of alternative II with various assumptions about the rate of increase for the Consumer Price Index (CPI). These assumptions are that the ultimate annual increase in the CPI will be 2.3 percent, 3.3 percent, and 4.3 percent as assumed for alternatives I, II, and III, respectively. In each case, the ultimate real-wage differential is assumed to be 1.0 percentage point (as assumed for alternative II), yielding ultimate percentage increases in average annual wages in covered employment of 3.3, 4.3, and 5.3 percent under alternatives I, II, and III, respectively.

Table VI.D5.- Sensitivity to Varying CPI-Increase Assumptions
[As a percentage of taxable payroll]
Valuation period
Ultimate percentage increase in wages-CPI1
3.3-2.3
4.3-3.3
5.3-4.3
Summarized income rate:
25-year: 2001-25
14.06
14.03
14.00
50-year: 2001-50
13.69
13.66
13.64
75-year: 2001-75
13.60
13.58
13.55
Summarized cost rate:
25-year: 2001-25
13.13
12.98
12.83
50-year: 2001-50
14.91
14.70
14.48
75-year: 2001-75
15.69
15.44
15.20
Actuarial balance:
25-year: 2001-25
+.93
+1.05
+1.17
50-year: 2001-50
-1.23
-1.03
-.84
75-year: 2001-75
-2.08
-1.86
-1.64
Year of combined trust fund exhaustion
2037
2038
2040

1 The first value in each pair is the assumed ultimate annual percentage increase in average wages in covered employment. The second value is the assumed ultimate annual percentage increase in the Consumer Price Index.

For all three periods, the cost rate decreases with greater assumed rates of increase in the CPI. For the 25-year period, the cost rate decreases from 13.13 (for CPI increases of 2.3 percent) to 12.83 percent (for CPI increases of 4.3 percent). For the 50-year period, it decreases from 14.91 to 14.48 percent, and for the 75-year period, it decreases from 15.69 to 15.20 percent. The actuarial balance increases from +0.93 to +1.17 percent for the 25-year period, from 1.23 to -0.84 for the 50-year period, and from -2.08 to -1.64 percent for the 75-year period.

The patterns described above result primarily from the time lag between the effects of the CPI changes on taxable payroll and on benefit payments. When assuming a greater rate of increase in the CPI (in combination with a constant real-wage differential), the effect on taxable payroll of the resulting greater rate of increase in average wages is experienced immediately, while the COLA effect on benefits of the greater rate of increase in the CPI is experienced with a lag of about 1 year. In addition, the effect on initial benefits of the greater rate of increase in average wages is experienced no sooner than 2 years later. Thus, the higher taxable payrolls have a stronger effect than the higher benefits, thereby resulting in lower cost rates. The effect of each 1.0percentage-point increase in the rate of change assumed for the CPI is an increase in the long-range actuarial balance of about 0.22 percent of taxable payroll.

6. Real Interest Rate

Table VI.D6 shows the estimated OASDI income rates, cost rates, and actuarial balances, on the basis of alternative II with various assumptions about the annual real interest rate for special public-debt obligations issuable to the trust funds, which are compounded semiannually. These assumptions are that the ultimate annual real interest rate will be 2.2 percent, 3.0 percent, and 3.7 percent as assumed for alternatives III, II, and I, respectively. In each case, the ultimate annual increase in the CPI is assumed to be 3.3 percent (as assumed for alternative II), resulting in ultimate annual yields of 5.6, 6.4, and 7.1 percent under alternatives III, II, and I, respectively.

Table VI.D6.- Sensitivity to Varying Real-Interest Assumptions
[As a percentage of taxable payroll]
Valuation period
Ultimate annual real interest rate
2.2 percent
3.0 percent
3.7 percent
Summarized income rate:
25-year: 2001-25
13.96
14.03
14.09
50-year: 2001-50
13.58
13.66
13.74
75-year: 2001-75
13.50
13.58
13.66
Summarized cost rate:
25-year: 2001-25
13.13
12.98
12.86
50-year: 2001-50
15.04
14.70
14.40
75-year: 2001-75
15.94
15.44
15.03
Actuarial balance:
25-year: 2001-25
+.83
+1.05
+1.23
50-year: 2001-50
-1.46
-1.03
-.67
75-year: 2001-75
-2.44
-1.86
-1.37
Year of combined trust fund exhaustion
2036
2038
2042

For the 25-year period, the cost rate decreases slightly with increasing real interest rates from 13.13 percent (for an ultimate real interest rate of 2.2 percent) to 12.86 percent (for an ultimate real interest rate of 3.7 percent). For the 50-year period, it decreases from 15.04 to 14.40 percent, and for the 75-year period, it decreases from 15.94 to 15.03 percent. The actuarial balance increases from +0.83 to +1.23 percent for the 25-year period, from -1.46 to 0.67 percent for the 50-year period, and from -2.44 to -1.37 percent for the 75-year period. Each 0.5-percentage-point increase in the assumed real interest rate increases the long-range actuarial balance by about 0.36 percent of taxable payroll.

7. Disability Incidence Rates

Table VI.D7 shows the estimated OASDI income rates, cost rates, and actuarial balances, on the basis of alternative II with various assumptions concerning future disability incidence rates. For all three alternatives, incidence rates by age and sex are assumed to vary during the early years of the projection period before attaining ultimate levels in 2015. The ultimate levels attained vary by sex. In comparison to the corresponding annual rates experienced during the base period 1994-96, the ultimate rates for men are about 12 percent lower for alternative I, about 10 percent higher for alternative II, and about 32 percent higher for alternative III. For women they are about 18 percent lower for alternative I, 2 percent higher for alternative II, and 23 percent higher for alternative III.

Table VI.D7.- Sensitivity to Varying Disability Incidence Assumptions
[As a percentage of taxable payroll]
Valuation period
Disability incidence rates
based on alternative-
I
II
III
Summarized income rate:
25-year: 2001-25
14.02
14.03
14.03
50-year: 2001-50
13.66
13.66
13.66
75-year: 2001-75
13.57
13.58
13.58
Summarized cost rate:
25-year: 2001-25
12.77
12.98
13.18
50-year: 2001-50
14.43
14.70
14.96
75-year: 2001-75
15.15
15.44
15.72
Actuarial balance:
25-year: 2001-25
+1.25
+1.05
+.85
50-year: 2001-50
-.77
-1.03
-1.29
75-year: 2001-75
-1.58
-1.86
-2.14
Year of combined trust fund exhaustion
2041
2038
2036

For the 25-year period, the cost rate increases with increasing disability incidence rates from 12.77 percent (for the relatively low rates assumed for alternative I) to 13.18 percent (for the relatively high rates assumed for alternative III). For the 50-year period, it increases from 14.43 to 14.96 percent, and for the 75-year period, it increases from 15.15 to 15.72 percent. The actuarial balance decreases from +1.25 to +0.85 percent for the 25-year period, from -0.77 to -1.29 percent for the 50-year period, and from -1.58 to 2.14 percent for the 75-year period.

8. Disability Termination Rates

Table VI.D8 shows the estimated OASDI income rates, cost rates, and actuarial balances, on the basis of alternative II with various assumptions about future disability termination rates. For alternative II, death-termination rates by age and sex are assumed to decline until they reach levels by the end of the 75-year period that, for men and women, respectively, are about 49 percent and 40 percent lower than those experienced during the base period 1991-95. For the other alternatives, the rates are assumed to spread gradually from the rates for alternative II. By the end of the projection period, for alternatives I and III, respectively, the rates for men are about 32 percent and 63 percent lower than those experienced during the base period; for women the corresponding rates are about 21 percent and 56 percent lower than those experienced during the base period.

For all three alternatives, ultimate recovery-termination rates by age and sex are assumed to be attained in 2015. For alternative II, such rates are assumed to be 87 percent higher for men and 58 percent higher for women than those experienced in the base period, 1991-95. The ultimate rates for alternative I are assumed to be 125 percent higher for men and 89 percent higher for women than those experienced in the base period. The ultimate rates for alternative III are assumed to be 50 percent higher for men and 26 percent higher for women than those experienced in the base period.

Table VI.D8.- Sensitivity to Varying Disability Termination Assumptions
[As a percentage of taxable payroll]
Valuation period
Disability termination rates
based on alternative-
I
II
III
Summarized income rate:
25-year: 2001-25
14.03
14.03
14.03
50-year: 2001-50
13.66
13.66
13.66
75-year: 2001-75
13.58
13.58
13.58
Summarized cost rate:
25-year: 2001-25
12.95
12.98
13.01
50-year: 2001-50
14.66
14.70
14.73
75-year: 2001-75
15.40
15.44
15.48
Actuarial balance:
25-year: 2001-25
+1.08
+1.05
+1.02
50-year: 2001-50
-1.00
-1.03
-1.07
75-year: 2001-75
-1.82
-1.86
-1.90
Year of combined trust fund exhaustion
2039
2038
2038

For the 25-year period, the cost rate increases with decreasing disability termination rates from 12.95 percent (for the relatively high rates assumed for alternative I) to 13.01 percent (for the relatively low rates assumed for alternative III). For the 50-year period, it increases from 14.66 to 14.73 percent, and for the 75-year period, it increases from 15.40 to 15.48 percent. The actuarial balance decreases from +1.08 to +1.02 percent for the 25-year period, from -1.00 to -1.07 percent for the 50-year period, and from -1.82 to 1.90 percent for the 75-year period.


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