Fast Facts & Figures About Social Security, 2020

 

Did You Know That…

69.1 million people received benefits from programs administered by the Social Security Administration (SSA) in 2019.

5.7 million people were newly awarded Social Security benefits in 2019.

55% of adult Social Security beneficiaries in 2019 were women.

54.9 was the average age of disabled-worker beneficiaries in 2019.

86% of Supplemental Security Income (SSI) recipients received payments because of disability or blindness in 2019.

General Information

Tax rates, 2020 (in percent)
Program Employee Employer Self-employed
Total 7.65 7.65 15.30
OASI 5.30 5.30 10.60
DI 0.90 0.90 1.80
HI a 1.45 1.45 a 2.90
a. Earned income exceeding $200,000 for individual filers and $250,000 for married couples filing jointly is subject to an additional HI tax of 0.90 percent.
Taxes payable, 2020 (in dollars)
Type of earner OASI DI HI
Average 2,949 501 807
Maximum 7,298 1,239 No limit
Self-employed maximum 14,596 2,479 No limit
Maximum earnings subject to Social Security taxes, 2020 (in dollars)
Program Amount
OASDI 137,700
HI No limit

Earnings required for work credits, 2020: $1,410 for one work credit (one quarter of coverage)

NOTE: A worker may earn a maximum of four credits a year. Doing so in 2020, therefore, requires $5,640 in earnings.

Benefit payments as a percentage of gross domestic product, 2018–2019
Calendar year Total OASI DI
2018 4.80 4.11 0.70
2019 4.89 4.21 0.68
NOTE: Figures are subject to change.

Cost-of-living adjustment, 2020: 1.60%

Age for full retirement benefit for retired workers
Year of birth Full retirement age (FRA)
1937 and earlier 65
1938 65 and 2 months
1939 65 and 4 months
1940 65 and 6 months
1941 65 and 8 months
1942 65 and 10 months
1943–1954 66
1955 66 and 2 months
1956 66 and 4 months
1957 66 and 6 months
1958 66 and 8 months
1959 66 and 10 months
1960 and later 67

Maximum monthly Social Security benefit: $3,011 for workers retiring at FRA in 2020

NOTE: Higher benefits are possible for those who work or delay benefit receipt after reaching FRA.

Benefit formula bend points (for workers with first eligibility in 2020):

Primary insurance amount (PIA) equals
90% of the first $960 of average indexed monthly earnings (AIME), plus
32% of AIME over $960 through $5,785, plus
15% of AIME over $5,785

Average wage index, 2018–2020
Year Dollars Increase from previous year (in percent)
2018 52,145.80 3.6
2019 (estimated) 53,756.28 3.1
2020 (estimated) 55,641.66 3.5
Exempt amounts under the retirement earnings test, 2020 (in dollars)
Age of retired person in 2020 Annually Monthly
Under FRA ($1 for $2 withholding rate) 18,240 1,520
FRA ($1 for $3 withholding rate) a 48,600 4,050
Above FRA No limit No limit
NOTE: Retired-worker beneficiaries younger than FRA have some of their benefit withheld if they have earnings above the exempt amounts.
a. The test applies only to earnings made in months prior to the month of attainment of FRA.
SSI payment rates and resource limits, January 2020 (in dollars)
Program aspect Individual Couple
Federal benefit rate 783 1,175
Resource limit 2,000 3,000
Monthly earnings levels affecting disability program eligibility, 2020 (in dollars)
Determinant Monthly amount
Substantial gainful activity  
For nonblind persons 1,260
For blind persons 2,110
Trial work period 910
Trust fund operations, 2019–2020 (in billions of dollars)
Calendar year and trust fund Income Outgo Fund at end of year
2019 (actual)  
Total 1,061.8 1,059.3 2,897.4
OASI 917.9 911.4 2,804.3
DI 143.9 147.9 93.1
2020 (estimated)  
Total 1,116.4 1,112.0 2,901.8
OASI 967.0 962.8 2,808.5
DI 149.4 149.2 93.3
 
Poverty thresholds, 2019 (in dollars)
Family unit Amount
Aged individual 12,261
Family of two, aged head 15,453
Family of four 26,370
SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau as of January 2020 (preliminary estimates).

OASDI administrative expenses: Costs were 0.7% of contributions in calendar year 2019

Workload, fiscal year 2019 (in millions)
Type of filing Number
OASI claims 5.9
DI claims 2.3
SSI applications 1.8

Income of the Aged Population

We are suspending publication of the five charts that constitute the Income of the Aged Population section for the 2020 edition of Fast Facts and Figures as we evaluate the adequacy of the charts' data source, the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (also known as the March Supplement) of the Current Population Survey (CPS). Recent research suggests that there may be some issues with the measurement of certain sources of income reported in the CPS. We are dedicated to publishing the most accurate statistics possible so we are conducting a thorough review of available data sources for these publications and will publish findings from this review. For more information, see Bee, Adam and Joshua W. Mitchell. 2017. “Do Older Americans Have More Income Than We Think?SESHD Working Paper No. 2017-39. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.

OASDI Program

Earnings in Covered Employment, 1937–2019

People contribute to Social Security through payroll taxes or self-employment taxes, as required by the Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) and the Self-Employment Contributions Act (SECA). The maximum taxable amount is updated annually on the basis of increases in the average wage. Of the 178 million workers with earnings in Social Security–covered employment in 2019, about 6% had earnings that equaled or exceeded the maximum amount subject to taxes, compared with 3% when the program began and a peak of 36% in 1965. About 83% of earnings in covered employment were taxable in 2019, compared with 92% in 1937.

Taxable earnings as a percentage of earnings in covered employment and percentage of workers with maximum taxable earnings, selected years
Line chart with tabular version below.
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Table equivalent for chart. Taxable earnings as a percentage of earnings in covered employment and percentage of workers with maximum taxable earnings, selected years
Year Taxable earnings Workers with maximum taxable earnings
1937 92.0 3.1
1945 87.9 13.7
1955 80.3 25.6
1965 71.3 36.1
1975 84.4 15.0
1985 88.9 6.5
1995 85.8 5.8
2005 84.1 6.1
2015 82.9 6.2
2019 83.3 6.0
 
SOURCE: SSA, Office of the Chief Actuary.

Insured Status, 1970–2019

The percentage of persons aged 20 or older who are insured for benefits has changed very little in recent years. To be fully insured, a worker must have at least one work credit (quarter of coverage) for each year elapsed after age 21 (but no earlier than 1950) and before the year in which he or she attains age 62, becomes disabled, or dies. The maximum number of work credits needed to be fully insured is 40. An individual is said to be permanently insured if he or she has earned 40 work credits. To be insured for disability, the worker must be fully insured and have at least 20 work credits during the last 40 calendar quarters. (Requirements for disability-insured status are somewhat different for persons younger than age 31.) Disability benefits are available up to FRA.

Insured workers as a percentage of the corresponding Social Security area population, selected years
Year Population aged 20 or older Population aged 20 to FRA a
Millions Percentage permanently insured Percentage fully insured Millions Percentage insured for disability
1970 135.0 50 77 113.9 63
1975 147.3 50 80 123.7 66
1980 161.8 53 83 135.2 70
1985 174.9 57 84 145.5 72
1990 185.9 63 86 153.7 75
1995 196.0 66 86 161.5 76
2000 206.9 68 87 171.3 78
2005 219.7 68 87 183.5 77
2010 230.7 69 87 191.8 76
2015 242.5 69 88 197.3 76
2016 244.6 70 88 197.8 76
2017 246.9 70 88 198.4 76
2018 249.3 70 88 199.2 77
2019 251.7 70 88 200.1 77
SOURCE: SSA, Office of the Chief Actuary.
NOTES: The population in the Social Security area includes residents of the 50 states and the District of Columbia adjusted for net census undercount; civilian residents of American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and U.S. Virgin Islands; federal civilian employees and persons in the U.S. armed forces abroad and their dependents; noncitizens living abroad who are insured for Social Security benefits; and all other U.S. citizens abroad.
Figures are subject to revision.
a. Insured for disability excludes those who have reached FRA.

Insured Status, by Sex, 1970 and 2019

Although men historically were more likely than women to be insured, the gender gap is shrinking. The proportion of men who are insured declined slightly from 1970 to 2019, with 90% fully insured and 79% insured for disability in 2019. By contrast, the proportion of women who are insured increased dramatically—from 63% to 86% fully insured and from 41% to 75% insured for disability.

Percentage of population in the Social Security area fully insured and insured for disability benefits, by sex
Bar chart with tabular version below.
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Table equivalent for chart. Percentage of population in the Social Security area fully insured and insured for disability benefits, by sex
Sex 1970 2019
Fully insured  
Men 93 90
Women 63 86
Insured for disability a  
Men 84 79
Women 41 75
 
SOURCE: SSA, Office of the Chief Actuary.
NOTES: The population in the Social Security area includes residents of the 50 states and the District of Columbia adjusted for net census undercount; civilian residents of American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and U.S. Virgin Islands; federal civilian employees and persons in the U.S. armed forces abroad and their dependents; noncitizens living abroad who are insured for Social Security benefits; and all other U.S. citizens abroad.
Figures are subject to revision.
a. Insured for disability excludes those who have reached FRA.

New Benefit Awards, 2019

Benefits were awarded to about 5.7 million persons; of those, 56% were retired workers and 12% were disabled workers. The remaining 32% were survivors or the spouses and children of retired or disabled workers. These awards represent not only new entrants to the benefit rolls but also persons already on the rolls who become entitled to a different benefit, particularly conversions of disabled-worker benefits to retired-worker benefits at FRA.

New awards, by type of beneficiary
Beneficiary Number (thousands) Percent
Total 5,700 100
Retired workers and dependents 3,799 67
Workers 3,175 56
Spouses and children 625 11
Disabled workers and dependents 1,015 18
Workers 679 12
Spouses and children 335 6
Survivors of deceased workers 886 16
New awards
Pie chart described in the text.
SOURCE: SSA, Master Beneficiary Record, 100 percent data.
NOTE: Totals do not necessarily equal the sum of rounded components.

New Awards to Workers, 1979–2019

Awards to retired workers increased considerably over the past four decades, at a higher rate than that by which awards to disabled workers increased. The annualized rate of increase over the period from 1979 to 2019 is 1.7% for retired workers and 1.2% for disabled workers. The annual number of awards to retired workers rose from 1.6 million in 1979 to 3.2 million in 2019, while for disabled workers it increased from 417,000 in 1979 to 679,000 in 2019.

New awards to retired and disabled workers
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Table equivalent for chart. New awards to retired and disabled workers (in millions)
Year Retired workers Disabled workers
1979 1.591 0.417
1980 1.613 0.397
1981 1.579 0.352
1982 1.618 0.297
1983 1.670 0.312
1984 1.607 0.362
1985 1.690 0.377
1986 1.734 0.417
1987 1.682 0.416
1988 1.654 0.409
1989 1.657 0.426
1990 1.665 0.468
1991 1.695 0.536
1992 1.708 0.637
1993 1.661 0.635
1994 1.625 0.632
1995 1.609 0.646
1996 1.581 0.624
1997 1.719 0.587
1998 1.632 0.608
1999 1.690 0.620
2000 1.961 0.622
2001 1.779 0.691
2002 1.813 0.750
2003 1.791 0.777
2004 1.883 0.796
2005 2.000 0.830
2006 1.999 0.799
2007 2.036 0.805
2008 2.279 0.877
2009 2.740 0.971
2010 2.634 1.027
2011 2.578 0.999
2012 2.735 0.960
2013 2.794 0.869
2014 2.772 0.779
2015 2.839 0.741
2016 2.911 0.706
2017 2.975 0.716
2018 3.082 0.687
2019 3.175 0.679
 
SOURCE: SSA, Master Beneficiary Record, 100 percent data.

Beneficiaries in Current-Payment Status, December 2019

Sixty-four million beneficiaries were in current-payment status; that is, they were being paid a benefit. Seventy percent of those beneficiaries were retired workers and 13% were disabled workers. The remaining beneficiaries—almost 17%—were survivors or the spouses and children of retired or disabled workers.

Beneficiaries in current-payment status
Beneficiary Number (thousands) Percent
Total 64,064 100
Retired workers and dependents 48,227 75
Workers 45,094 70
Spouses and children 3,133 5
Disabled workers and dependents 9,925 15
Workers 8,378 13
Spouses and children 1,547 2
Survivors of deceased workers 5,912 9
Beneficiaries, by type
Pie chart illustrating the Percent data from the previous table. The chart presents the spouses and children of both retired and disabled workers as a combined category that accounts for 7% of beneficiaries in current-payment status.
SOURCE: SSA, Master Beneficiary Record, 100 percent data.
NOTE: Totals do not necessarily equal the sum of rounded components.

Average Benefit Amounts, 2019

Benefits payable to workers who retire at FRA and to disabled workers are equal to 100% of the PIA (subject to any applicable deductions). At FRA, widow(er)s' benefits are also payable at 100% of the insured worker's PIA. Nondisabled widow(er)s can receive reduced benefits at age 60. Disabled widow(er)s can receive reduced benefits at age 50. Spouses, children, and parents receive a smaller proportion of the worker's PIA than do widow(er)s.

Average monthly benefit for new awards and for benefits in current-payment status (in dollars)
Beneficiary New awards Benefits in current-payment status, December
Retired workers 1,563 1,503
Spouses 682 786
Children 675 713
Disabled workers 1,424 1,258
Spouses 415 362
Children 390 391
Survivors of deceased workers  
Nondisabled widow(er)s 1,100 1,423
Disabled widow(er)s 786 760
Widowed mothers and fathers 1,015 1,034
Surviving children 900 902
Parents 1,211 1,271
SOURCE: SSA, Master Beneficiary Record, 100 percent data.

Beneficiaries, by Age, December 2019

More than four-fifths of all OASDI beneficiaries in current-payment status were aged 62 or older, including 24% aged 75–84 and 9% aged 85 or older. About 12% were persons aged 18–61 receiving benefits as disabled workers, survivors, or dependents. Another 4% were children under age 18.

Beneficiaries, by age
Pie chart described in the text. Chart also shows that 8% of all OASDI beneficiaries in current-payment status were aged 62 to 64 and 43% were aged 65 to 74.
SOURCE: SSA, Master Beneficiary Record, 100 percent data.

Age of Disabled and Retired Workers, 1960–2019

The average age of disabled-worker beneficiaries in current-payment status declined between 1960, when DI benefits first became available to persons younger than age 50, and 2019. In 1960, the average age of a disabled worker was 57.2 years. The rapid drop in average age in the following years reflects a growing number of awards to workers under 50. By 1995, the average age fell to a low of 49.8, but by 2019, it rose to 54.9. By contrast, the average age of retired workers has changed little over time, rising from 72.4 in 1960 to 74.0 in 2019.

Average age of disabled-worker and retired-worker beneficiaries, selected years
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Table equivalent for chart. Average age of disabled-worker and retired-worker beneficiaries, selected years
Year Retired-worker beneficiaries Disabled-worker beneficiaries
1960 72.4 57.2
1965 72.5 54.7
1970 72.3 54.2
1975 72.3 53.8
1980 72.4 53.2
1985 72.8 52.1
1990 73.1 50.5
1995 73.6 49.8
2000 73.9 50.8
2005 73.9 51.8
2010 73.7 52.8
2015 73.7 53.9
2019 74.0 54.9
 
SOURCE: SSA, Master Beneficiary Record, 10 percent sample for 1990–2005 and 100 percent data for all other years.

Beneficiaries, by Sex, December 2019

Of all adults receiving monthly Social Security benefits, 45% were men and 55% were women. Eighty-three percent of the men and 69% of the women received retired-worker benefits. Twelve percent of the women received survivor benefits.

Adult beneficiaries, by type of beneficiary and sex (in percent)
One bar chart for Men and one bar chart for Women described in the text. Charts also show that 16% of the men and 13% of the women received disabled-worker benefits and 7% of the women received benefits as spouses of retired and disabled workers.
SOURCE: SSA, Master Beneficiary Record, 100 percent data.
NOTE: Totals do not necessarily equal the sum of rounded components.
a. Less than 1 percent of men received benefits as survivors (widowers or fathers) or as spouses of retired and disabled workers.

Average Monthly Benefit, by Sex, December 2019

Among retired and disabled workers who collected benefits based on their own work records, men received a higher average monthly benefit than did women. For those with benefits based on another person's work record (spouses and survivors), women generally had higher average benefits.

Average monthly benefit (in dollars)
Beneficiary Men Women
Workers  
Retired 1,671 1,337
Disabled 1,384 1,128
Spouses of—  
Retired workers 673 796
Disabled workers 396 359
Survivors of deceased workers  
Nondisabled widow(er)s 1,261 1,429
Disabled widow(er)s 575 776
Mothers and fathers 907 1,045
SOURCE: SSA, Master Beneficiary Record, 100 percent data.

Women Beneficiaries, 1940–2019

The proportion of women among retired-worker beneficiaries quadrupled between 1940 and 2019. The percentage climbed from 12% in 1940 to 47% in 1980, 48% in 1990, and 50% in 2019. The proportion of women among disabled-worker beneficiaries more than doubled between 1957, when DI benefits first became payable, and 2019. The percentage rose steadily from 19% in 1957 to 35% in 1990 and 50% in 2019.

Women as a percentage of retired-worker and disabled-worker beneficiaries, selected years
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Table equivalent for chart. Women as a percentage of retired-worker and disabled-worker beneficiaries, selected years
Year Retired-worker beneficiaries Disabled-worker beneficiaries
1940 11.6 --
1950 17.1 --
1957 -- 19.1
1960 35.3 21.8
1970 42.4 28.4
1980 46.5 32.6
1990 47.7 34.7
2000 48.2 43.3
2010 49.0 47.0
2019 50.4 49.5
NOTE: -- = not available.
SOURCE: SSA, Master Beneficiary Record, 100 percent data.

Women with Dual Entitlement, 1960–2019

The proportion of women aged 62 or older who are receiving benefits as dependents (that is, on the basis of their husbands' earnings record only) declined from 57% in 1960 to 19% in 2019. At the same time, the proportion of women with dual entitlement (that is, paid on the basis of both their own earnings records and those of their husbands) increased from 5% in 1960 to 24% in 2019.

Women aged 62 or older, by basis of entitlement, selected years
Area chart described in the text. Chart also shows that the percentage of women who are entitled solely on their own earnings records remained fairly close to 40% from 1960 to 2000, before slowly rising in recent years to 56% in 2019.
SOURCE: SSA, Master Beneficiary Record. All data for 2005 and dual entitlement data for 1995 and 2000 are based on a 10 percent sample. All other years are 100 percent data.

Child Beneficiaries, December 2019

About 2.9 million children under age 18 and students aged 18–19 received OASDI benefits. Children of deceased workers had the highest average payments, in part because they are eligible to receive monthly benefits based on 75% of the worker's PIA, compared with 50% for children of retired or disabled workers. Overall, the average monthly benefit amount for children was $634.

Number of and average monthly benefit for children of worker beneficiaries
Number of children of—
Bar chart with tabular version below.
Average monthly benefit for children of—
Bar chart with tabular version below.
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Table equivalent for chart. Number and average monthly benefit for children receiving OASDI, by type of beneficiary, December 2019
Type of beneficiary Number (thousands) Average monthly benefit (dollars)
Children of retired workers 362 689
Children of disabled workers 1,311 379
Children of deceased workers 1,238 888
 
SOURCE: SSA, Master Beneficiary Record, 100 percent data.

SSI Program

Number of Recipients, 1974–2019

The Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program provides income support to needy persons aged 65 or older, blind or disabled adults, and blind or disabled children. Eligibility requirements and federal payment standards are nationally uniform. SSI replaced the former federal/state adult assistance programs in the 50 states and the District of Columbia.

Payments under SSI began in January 1974, with 3.2 million persons receiving federally administered payments. By December 1974, this number had risen to nearly 4 million and remained at about that level until the mid-1980s, then rose steadily, reaching nearly 6 million in 1993 and 7 million by the end of 2004. As of December 2019, the number of recipients was about 8.1 million. Of this total, more than 4.6 million were between the ages of 18 and 64, 2.3 million were aged 65 or older, and 1.1 million were under age 18.

Persons receiving federally administered SSI payments, December
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Table equivalent for chart. Persons receiving federally administered SSI payments, December (in millions)
Year Total Under 18 18–64 65 or older
1974 4.00 0.07 1.50 2.42
1975 4.31 0.11 1.70 2.51
1976 4.24 0.13 1.71 2.40
1977 4.24 0.15 1.74 2.35
1978 4.22 0.17 1.75 2.30
1979 4.15 0.18 1.73 2.25
1980 4.14 0.19 1.73 2.22
1981 4.02 0.19 1.70 2.12
1982 3.86 0.19 1.66 2.01
1983 3.90 0.20 1.70 2.00
1984 4.03 0.21 1.78 2.04
1985 4.14 0.23 1.88 2.03
1986 4.27 0.24 2.01 2.02
1987 4.39 0.25 2.12 2.02
1988 4.46 0.26 2.20 2.01
1989 4.59 0.26 2.30 2.03
1990 4.82 0.31 2.45 2.06
1991 5.12 0.40 2.64 2.08
1992 5.57 0.56 2.91 2.10
1993 5.98 0.72 3.15 2.11
1994 6.30 0.84 3.34 2.12
1995 6.51 0.92 3.48 2.11
1996 6.61 0.96 3.57 2.09
1997 6.49 0.88 3.56 2.05
1998 6.57 0.89 3.65 2.03
1999 6.56 0.85 3.69 2.02
2000 6.60 0.85 3.74 2.01
2001 6.69 0.88 3.81 2.00
2002 6.79 0.91 3.88 2.00
2003 6.90 0.96 3.95 1.99
2004 6.99 0.99 4.02 1.98
2005 7.11 1.04 4.08 1.99
2006 7.24 1.08 4.15 2.00
2007 7.36 1.12 4.22 2.02
2008 7.52 1.15 4.33 2.03
2009 7.68 1.20 4.45 2.03
2010 7.91 1.24 4.63 2.04
2011 8.11 1.28 4.78 2.06
2012 8.26 1.31 4.87 2.08
2013 8.36 1.32 4.93 2.11
2014 8.34 1.30 4.91 2.12
2015 8.31 1.27 4.89 2.15
2016 8.25 1.21 4.85 2.19
2017 8.23 1.18 4.81 2.24
2018 8.13 1.15 4.71 2.27
2019 8.08 1.13 4.65 2.30
 
SOURCE: SSA, Supplemental Security Record, 100 percent data.

Payment Amounts, by Age, December 2019

The average monthly federally administered SSI payment was $566. Payments varied by age group, ranging from an average of $670 for recipients aged under 18 to $459 for those aged 65 or older. The maximum federal benefit rate in December 2019 was $783 for an individual and $1,175 for a couple, plus any applicable state supplementation.

Average monthly federally administered SSI payment
Bar chart described in the text. Chart also shows that recipients aged 18 to 64 received an average payment of $593.
SOURCE: SSA, Supplemental Security Record, 100 percent data.
NOTE: Amounts exclude retroactive payments.

Federally Administered Payments, December 2019

A total of 8.1 million persons received federally administered SSI payments. The majority received federal SSI only. States have the option of supplementing the federal benefit rate and are required to do so if that rate is less than the income the recipient would have had under the former state program.

Type of SSI payment
Pie chart. 82% of SSI recipients received only a federal SSI payment, 16% received federally administered state supplementation along with their federal SSI payment, and 2% received only federally administered state supplementation.
SOURCE: SSA, Supplemental Security Record, 100 percent data.

Basis for Eligibility and Age of Recipients, December 2019

Fourteen percent of SSI recipients received benefits on the basis of age and the rest qualified on the basis of disability. Twenty-eight percent of the recipients were aged 65 or older. In the SSI program, a disabled recipient is still classified as “disabled” after reaching age 65. In the OASDI program, DI beneficiaries are converted to the retirement program when they attain FRA.

SSI recipients, by basis for eligibility and age
Two pie charts. The first pie chart shows the percentage distribution of SSI recipients by basis for eligibility: 85% were disabled, 14% were aged, and 1% were blind. The second pie chart shows the same group distributed by age: 14% were under 18, 58% were aged 18 to 64, and 28% were 65 or older.
SOURCE: SSA, Supplemental Security Record, 100 percent data.

Percentage Distribution of Recipients, by Age, 1974–2019

The proportion of SSI recipients aged 65 or older declined from 61% in January 1974 to 28% in December 2019. The overall long-term growth of the SSI program occurred because of an increase in the number of disabled recipients, most of whom are under age 65.

Percentage distribution of SSI recipients, by age, December
Line chart with tabular version below.
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Table equivalent for chart. Percentage distribution of SSI recipients, by age, December
Year Under 18 18–64 65 or older
1974 1.8 37.6 60.6
1975 2.5 39.4 58.1
1976 3.0 40.5 56.6
1977 3.5 41.0 55.5
1978 3.9 41.4 54.6
1979 4.3 41.6 54.1
1980 4.6 41.8 53.6
1981 4.8 42.4 52.8
1982 5.0 42.9 52.1
1983 5.1 43.6 51.3
1984 5.3 44.2 50.6
1985 5.5 45.4 49.1
1986 5.6 47.1 47.3
1987 5.7 48.3 46.0
1988 5.7 49.3 44.9
1989 5.8 50.1 44.1
1990 6.4 50.9 42.7
1991 7.8 51.6 40.6
1992 10.0 52.3 37.7
1993 12.1 52.6 35.3
1994 13.4 53.0 33.7
1995 14.1 53.5 32.5
1996 14.4 54.0 31.6
1997 13.5 54.8 31.6
1998 13.5 55.5 31.0
1999 12.9 56.3 30.8
2000 12.8 56.7 30.5
2001 13.2 57.0 29.8
2002 13.5 57.1 29.4
2003 13.9 57.3 28.8
2004 14.2 57.5 28.3
2005 14.6 57.4 28.0
2006 14.9 57.4 27.7
2007 15.2 57.4 27.4
2008 15.3 57.6 27.0
2009 15.6 58.0 26.4
2010 15.7 58.5 25.8
2011 15.7 58.9 25.4
2012 15.9 58.9 25.2
2013 15.8 59.0 25.2
2014 15.6 58.9 25.5
2015 15.2 58.8 25.9
2016 14.7 58.7 26.6
2017 14.4 58.4 27.2
2018 14.1 58.0 27.9
2019 14.0 57.5 28.5
 
SOURCE: SSA, Supplemental Security Record, 100 percent data.

Recipients, by Sex and Age, December 2019

Overall, 52% of the approximately 8.1 million SSI recipients were women, but that percentage varied greatly by age group. Women accounted for 65% of the 2.3 million recipients aged 65 or older, 51% of the more than 4.6 million recipients aged 18–64, and 32% of the 1.1 million recipients under age 18.

SSI recipients, by sex and age
Bar chart with tabular version below.
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Table equivalent for chart. Percentage distribution of SSI recipients by sex, by age, December 2019
Age Men Women
All ages 48 52
Under 18 68 32
18–64 49 51
65 or older 35 65
 
SOURCE: SSA, Supplemental Security Record, 100 percent data.

Other Income, December 2019

More than 56% of SSI recipients aged 65 or older received OASDI benefits, as did 28.5% of those aged 18–64 and 6.4% of those under age 18. Other types of unearned income, such as income from assets, were reported most frequently among those under age 18 (22.0%) and those aged 65 or older (10.4%). Earned income was most prevalent (4.9%) among those aged 18–64.

Percentage of SSI recipients also receiving other income, by source and age
Bar chart with tabular version below.
Show as table
Table equivalent for chart. Percentage of SSI recipients also receiving other income, by source and age, December 2019
Age OASDI Other unearned income Earnings
All ages 33.4 10.2 3.2
Under 18 6.4 22.0 0.2
18–64 28.5 7.3 4.9
65 or older 56.5 10.4 1.3
 
SOURCE: SSA, Supplemental Security Record, 100 percent data.

Child Recipients, December 1974–2019

As of December of the program's first year, 1974, 70,900 blind and disabled children were receiving SSI. That number increased to about 955,000 in 1996, declined to about 847,000 in 2000, and increased to 1,132,080 in 2019. The relatively high average payment to children (compared with payments made to blind and disabled adults) is due in part to a limited amount of other countable income. The spike in average monthly benefits in 1992 is due to retroactive payments resulting from the Sullivan v. Zebley decision. As of December 2019, blind and disabled children were receiving SSI payments averaging $670.

Number of children under age 18 receiving SSI
Line chart with tabular version below.
Average monthly SSI payment to children under age 18 a
Line chart with tabular version below.
Show as table
Table equivalent for chart. Number of children under age 18 receiving SSI, and average monthly SSI payment to children under age 18
Year Number of children receiving SSI (in thousands) Average monthly SSI payment a
1974 70.90 109.15
1975 107.03 141.09
1976 125.41 154.24
1977 147.36 170.03
1978 165.90 171.72
1979 177.31 193.26
1980 190.39 219.08
1981 194.89 240.84
1982 191.57 263.22
1983 198.32 280.96
1984 211.59 292.86
1985 227.38 301.26
1986 241.20 321.34
1987 250.90 327.27
1988 255.14 343.24
1989 264.89 357.64
1990 308.59 403.72
1991 397.16 446.05
1992 556.47 610.98
1993 722.68 460.54
1994 841.47 448.07
1995 917.05 447.57
1996 955.17 442.01
1997 879.83 433.83
1998 887.07 441.75
1999 847.06 450.13
2000 846.78 463.05
2001 881.84 476.09
2002 914.82 487.73
2003 959.38 490.63
2004 993.13 505.98
2005 1,036.50 522.80
2006 1,079.00 542.00
2007 1,121.00 555.00
2008 1,153.80 561.00
2009 1,199.79 593.00
2010 1,239.30 597.00
2011 1,277.00 601.00
2012 1,311.86 621.00
2013 1,321.68 631.00
2014 1,299.76 633.23
2015 1,267.16 643.06
2016 1,213.08 649.58
2017 1,182.59 647.48
2018 1,148.04 655.49
2019 1,132.08 669.78
SOURCE: SSA, Supplemental Security Record, 100 percent data.
NOTE: SSI = Supplemental Security Income.
a. As of 1998, these figures exclude retroactive payments.
SOURCE: SSA, Supplemental Security Record, 100 percent data.
a. As of 1998, these figures exclude retroactive payments.

Cross-Program Beneficiaries

All Beneficiaries, December 2019

About 69.1 million people received a payment from one or more programs administered by SSA. Most (61 million) received OASDI benefits only, 5.4 million received SSI only, and 2.7 million received payments from both programs.

Beneficiaries receiving OASDI, SSI, or both
Benefit Number (thousands)
Total (unduplicated) 69,053
OASDI 63,658
OASDI only 60,976
SSI 8,077
SSI only 5,395
Both OASDI and SSI 2,682
Distribution of all beneficiaries
Pie chart. 88% of beneficiaries received only OASDI benefits, 8% received only SSI payments, and 4% received both OASDI and SSI payments.
SOURCES: SSA, Master Beneficiary Record and Supplemental Security Record, 100 percent data.
NOTES: OASDI beneficiaries who are entitled to both a primary and a secondary benefit (dual entitlement) are counted only once. SSI includes federal SSI payments and federally administered state supplementation.

Beneficiaries Aged 65 or Older, December 2019

Benefits were paid to 49.6 million people aged 65 or older. About 1.3 million received both OASDI and SSI.

Beneficiaries aged 65 or older receiving OASDI, SSI, or both
Beneficiary Number (thousands)
Total (unduplicated) 49,573
OASDI 48,566
Retired workers 42,444
Disabled workers 546
Spouses 2,279
Widow(er)s a 3,196
Disabled adult children 101
OASDI only 47,275
SSI b 2,298
Receiving SSI only 1,007
Receiving both OASDI and SSI 1,291
Distribution of beneficiaries aged 65 or older, by program
Pie chart. 95% of beneficiaries aged 65 or older received only OASDI benefits, 2% received only SSI payments, and 3% received both OASDI and SSI payments.
SOURCES: SSA, Master Beneficiary Record and Supplemental Security Record, 100 percent data.
NOTES: OASDI beneficiaries who are entitled to both a primary and a secondary benefit (dual entitlement) are counted only once. SSI includes federal SSI payments and federally administered state supplementation.
a. Includes persons who received dependent parent's benefits or mother's and father's benefits.
b. Includes 1,131,596 SSI beneficiaries aged 65 or older who are disabled or blind.

Disabled Beneficiaries Aged 18–64, December 2019

Payments were made to nearly 12.3 million people aged 18–64 on the basis of their own disability. Sixty-two percent received disability payments from the OASDI program only, 28% received payments from the SSI program only, and 10% received payments from both programs.

Disabled beneficiaries aged 18–64 receiving OASDI, SSI, or both
Beneficiary Number (thousands)
Total (unduplicated) 12,273
OASDI disability 8,827
Workers aged 64 or younger 7,817
Disabled adult children 907
Widow(er)s 102
OASDI disability only 7,626
SSI disability 4,647
Receiving SSI disability only 3,446
Receiving both OASDI and SSI disability 1,200
Distribution of disabled beneficiaries aged 18–64
Pie chart described in the text.
SOURCES: SSA, Master Beneficiary Record and Supplemental Security Record, 100 percent data.
NOTES: OASDI beneficiaries who are entitled to both a primary and a secondary benefit (dual entitlement) are counted only once. SSI includes federal SSI payments and federally administered state supplementation.
Totals do not necessarily equal the sum of rounded components.

Social Security Financing

How Social Security Is Financed

Social Security is largely a pay-as-you-go program. Most of the payroll taxes collected from today's workers are used to pay benefits to today's recipients. In 2019, the Old-Age and Survivors Insurance and Disability Insurance Trust Funds collected $1.1 trillion in revenues. Of that amount, 89.0% was from payroll tax contributions and reimbursements from the General Fund of the Treasury and 3.4% was from income taxes on Social Security benefits. Interest earned on the government bonds held by the trust funds provided the remaining 7.6% of income. Assets increased in 2019 because total income exceeded expenditures for benefit payments and administrative expenses.

Sources and uses of Social Security revenues in 2019
Two pie charts. The Sources of Revenue pie chart is described in the text. The Uses of Revenues pie chart has four slices. Benefit payments: 98.7%. Increase in trust funds: 0.2%. Administrative expenses: 0.6%. Railroad Retirement financial interchange: 0.5%.
SOURCE: 2020 Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance and Disability Insurance Trust Funds, Table II.B1.
a. Includes General Fund reimbursements, which accounted for less than 0.1% of Trust Fund income.

Social Security's Demographic Challenge

The 2020 Trustees Report projects that the number of retired workers will grow rapidly, as members of the post–World War II baby boom continue to retire in increasing numbers. The number of retired workers is projected to double in about 50 years. People are also living longer, and the birth rate is low. As a result, the Trustees project that the ratio of 2.8 workers paying Social Security taxes to each person collecting benefits in 2019 will fall to 2.2 to 1 in 2037. In 2010, tax and other noninterest income did not fully cover program cost, and the 2020 Trustees Report projects that this pattern will continue for at least 75 years if no changes are made to the program. However, the Trustees also project that redemption of trust fund assets will be sufficient to allow for full payment of scheduled benefits until 2035.

Ratio of covered workers to Social Security beneficiaries
Line chart. In 1955, there were 8.6 workers supporting each retiree. By 1974, that ratio had declined to 3.4 workers per beneficiary and remained between 3.1 and 3.4 over the next 34 years before starting to decline again in 2009. Current projections have the ratio continuing to decrease until it reaches 2.2 workers per beneficiary in 2037. Thereafter, it declines to 2.1 workers per beneficiary in 2064, then remains at that level through 2095.
SOURCE: 2020 Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance and Disability Insurance Trust Funds, Table IV.B3 (intermediate assumptions).

The Long-Run Financial Outlook

Social Security is not sustainable over the long term at current benefit and tax rates. In 2010, the program paid more in benefits and expenses than it collected in taxes and other noninterest income, and the 2020 Trustees Report projects this pattern to continue for the next 75 years. The Trustees estimate that the combined OASI and DI trust fund reserves will be depleted by 2035. At that point, payroll taxes and other income will flow into the fund but will be sufficient to pay only about 79% of program costs. As reported in the 2020 Trustees Report, the projected shortfall over the next 75 years is 3.21% of taxable payroll.

Social Security income minus costs as a percentage of taxable payroll
Line chart showing Social Security trust fund balance (income minus costs), expressed as a percentage of taxable payroll, from 2020 to 2094. The trust fund balance is about -0.92 percent of taxable payroll in 2020 and is projected to decline rapidly in coming years. Costs will continue to exceed income and the trust fund will become insolvent in 2035. Thereafter, annual trust fund balances are projected to range from -3.39 percent of taxable payroll in 2036 to as low as -4.72 percent in 2078 and 2079. The balance is projected to be -4.51 percent of taxable payroll in 2094.
SOURCE: 2020 Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance and Disability Insurance Trust Funds, Table IV.B1 (intermediate assumptions).

Abbreviations

AIME
average indexed monthly earnings
DI
Disability Insurance
FICA
Federal Insurance Contributions Act
FRA
full retirement age
HI
Hospital Insurance
OASDI
Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance
OASI
Old-Age and Survivors Insurance
PIA
primary insurance amount
SECA
Self-Employment Contributions Act
SSA
Social Security Administration
SSI
Supplemental Security Income